---
title: welsh — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «welsh» in the school dictionary: Welsh means from or to do with Wales, a country in the United Kingdom. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# welsh

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Welsh, many people, this, She, Welsh flag, Many children · **What happens:** mean, do, be, speak, welsh, break · **To what, where:** old Celtic language, Wales, people, deal, promise, rude · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«welsh» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [welsh in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/welsh.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Welsh means from or to do with Wales, a country in the United Kingdom.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:welsh:m1:1
# text = Welsh means from or to do with Wales, a country in the United Kingdom.
1	Welsh	welsh	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	ccomp	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Wales	Wales	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	United	United	PROPN	NNP	_	15	flat	_	_
15	Kingdom	Kingdom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Welsh |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **do** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | with Wales | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Welsh is the old Celtic language spoken in Wales, alongside English.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:welsh:m2:1
# text = Welsh is the old Celtic language spoken in Wales, alongside English.
1	Welsh	Welsh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	Celtic	celtic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Wales	Wales	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	alongside	alongside	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Welsh | the old Celtic language |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **speak** *speech: other* | participle |  | the old Celtic language *not said here* |  | Wales |  | alongside English | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Welsh are the people of Wales.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:welsh:m3:1
# text = The Welsh are the people of Wales.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Welsh	Welsh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Wales	Wales	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the Welsh | the people |  |  |  | of Wales | tree rules |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: verb, informal, old-fashioned — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To welsh on a deal means to break a promise to pay; many people find this use rude.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:welsh:m4:1
# text = To welsh on a deal means to break a promise to pay; many people find this use rude.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	welsh	welsh	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	csubj	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	deal	deal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	break	break	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	ccomp	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	promise	promise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	pay	pay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj	_	_
16	find	find	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
17	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	18	nsubj	_	_
18	use	use	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	ccomp	_	_
19	rude	rude	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **welsh** | to-infinitive |  |  |  | a deal |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **break** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | a promise |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer promise=Patient |
| 4 | **pay** | to-infinitive |  | a promise *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **find** | present | many people |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 6 | **use** | present | this | rude |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rude=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She is Welsh and was born in Swansea.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:welsh:x1:1
# text = She is Welsh and was born in Swansea.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	Welsh	welsh	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	born	bear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Swansea	Swansea	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | She |  |  |  |  | welsh *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **bear** | past · passive | She *not said here* |  |  | Swansea |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S» |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Welsh flag has a red dragon on it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:welsh:x2:1
# text = The Welsh flag has a red dragon on it.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Welsh	welsh	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	flag	flag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	dragon	dragon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the Welsh flag | a red dragon |  |  |  | on dragon | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dragon=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many children in Wales speak Welsh and English.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:welsh:x3:1
# text = Many children in Wales speak Welsh and English.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Wales	Wales	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	speak	speak	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	Welsh	Welsh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present | Many children in Wales | Welsh and English |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Croeso» means «welcome» in Welsh.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:welsh:x4:1
# text = «Croeso» means «welcome» in Welsh.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Croeso	Croeso	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	welcome	welcome	INTJ	UH	_	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Welsh	Welsh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Croeso |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We ate Welsh cakes warm from the griddle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:welsh:x5:1
# text = We ate Welsh cakes warm from the griddle.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	ate	eat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	Welsh	Welsh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	cakes	cake	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
5	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	xcomp	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	griddle	griddle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** | past | We |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **cake** | present | Welsh |  |  |  |  | warm *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The road sign was in Welsh first, then English.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:welsh:x6:1
# text = The road sign was in Welsh first, then English.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	sign	sign	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Welsh	Welsh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	10	advmod	_	_
10	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the road sign |  |  | Welsh and English |  | first *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Welsh love singing and rugby.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:welsh:x7:1
# text = The Welsh love singing and rugby.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Welsh	welsh	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	love	love	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	singing	sing	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	rugby	rugby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sing** *speech: express* | gerund | the Welsh love |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Snowdon is the highest mountain in Wales.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:welsh:x8:1
# text = Snowdon is the highest mountain in Wales.
1	Snowdon	Snowdon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	highest	high	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	5	amod	_	_
5	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Wales	Wales	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Snowdon | the highest mountain |  | Wales |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Jack knocked at the door, when there came forth a Welsh giant.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:welsh:x9:1
# text = Jack knocked at the door, when there came forth a Welsh giant.
1	Jack	Jack	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	knocked	knock	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	9	advmod	_	_
8	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	9	expl	_	_
9	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
10	forth	forth	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	Welsh	welsh	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	giant	giant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **knock** | past | Jack |  |  |  |  | at the door | vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent at door=Patient |
| 2 | **come** | past | a Welsh giant |  |  | there |  | forth *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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