---
title: xiii — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «xiii» in the school dictionary: XIII is the Roman numeral for thirteen. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# xiii

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** XIII, Louis, Chapter, you · **What happens:** be, use, name, mean, live, write · **To what, where:** Roman numeral, It, names, kings, thirteen, 1600s

<!-- .vabout -->
«xiii» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [xiii in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/xiii.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
XIII is the Roman numeral for thirteen.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:xiii:m1:1
# text = XIII is the Roman numeral for thirteen.
1	XIII	XIII	NUM	CD	NumForm=Roman|NumType=Card	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	Roman	roman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	numeral	numeral	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	thirteen	thirteen	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | XIII | the Roman numeral |  |  |  | for thirteen | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
X = 10, I + I + I = 3, so XIII = 13.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:xiii:m1e:1
# text = X = 10, I + I + I = 3, so XIII = 13.
1	X	x	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	=	=	SYM	SYM	_	3	case	_	_
3	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	1	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
5	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	1	conj	_	_
6	+	+	SYM	SYM	_	1	compound	_	_
7	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	1	nsubj	_	_
8	+	+	SYM	SYM	_	9	cc	_	_
9	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	1	conj	_	_
10	=	=	SYM	SYM	_	11	case	_	_
11	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	1	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	so	so	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
14	XIII	XIII	NUM	CD	NumForm=Roman|NumType=Card	1	parataxis	_	_
15	=	=	SYM	SYM	_	16	case	_	_
16	13	13	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is used in names of kings, queens and popes (Louis XIII) and in some titles and clock faces.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:xiii:m2:1
# text = It is used in names of kings, queens and popes (Louis XIII) and in some titles and clock faces.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	kings	king	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	queens	queen	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	popes	pope	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
12	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	Louis	Louis	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
14	XIII	XIII	NUM	CD	NumForm=Roman|NumType=Card	13	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	13	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	19	det	_	_
19	titles	title	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
21	clock	clock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	compound	_	_
22	faces	face	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present · passive |  | It |  | names of kings and queens and popes |  | Louis and some titles and clock faces *obl* | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **name** |  |  | kings and queens and popes |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
XIII means thirteen.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:xiii:x1:1
# text = XIII means thirteen.
1	XIII	XIII	NUM	CD	NumForm=Roman|NumType=Card	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	thirteen	thirteen	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | XIII | thirteen |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thirteen=Topic |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
King Louis XIII of France lived in the 1600s.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:xiii:x2:1
# text = King Louis XIII of France lived in the 1600s.
1	King	King	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod:desc	_	_
2	Louis	Louis	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	XIII	XIII	NUM	CD	NumForm=Roman|NumType=Card	2	flat	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	France	France	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	1600s	1600	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | past | Louis  King of France |  |  | the 1600s |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in 1600=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chapter XIII is the last chapter of the book.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:xiii:x3:1
# text = Chapter XIII is the last chapter of the book.
1	Chapter	chapter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	XIII	XIII	NUM	CD	NumForm=Roman|NumType=Card	1	flat	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	chapter	chapter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Chapter | the last chapter |  |  |  | of the book | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
XIII = X + III = 10 + 3.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:xiii:x4:1
# text = XIII = X + III = 10 + 3.
1	XIII	XIII	NUM	CD	NumForm=Roman|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
2	=	=	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
3	X	X	SYM	SYM	ExtPos=ADP	7	case	_	_
4	+	+	SYM	SYM	_	5	cc	_	_
5	III	III	NUM	CD	NumForm=Roman|NumType=Card	3	conj	_	_
6	=	=	SYM	SYM	_	3	flat	_	_
7	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	1	conj	_	_
8	+	+	SYM	SYM	_	9	cc	_	_
9	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pope Leo XIII was pope for 25 years.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:xiii:x5:1
# text = Pope Leo XIII was pope for 25 years.
1	Pope	Pope	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	Leo	Leo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
3	XIII	XIII	NUM	CD	NumForm=Roman|NumType=Card	2	flat	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	pope	pope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	25	25	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past |  | Leo pope |  |  | year |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Write the number 13 in Roman numerals: XIII.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:xiii:x6:1
# text = Write the number 13 in Roman numerals: XIII.
1	Write	write	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	13	13	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	Roman	roman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	numerals	numeral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
9	XIII	XIII	NUM	CD	NumForm=Roman|NumType=Card	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | imperative | you *not said here* | the number |  | Roman numerals |  | XIII *obl* | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent number=Theme in numeral=Destination |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
THE CHILDREN ARE CARRIED OFF Chapter XIII.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:xiii:x7:1
# text = THE CHILDREN ARE CARRIED OFF Chapter XIII.
1	THE	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	CHILDREN	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	ARE	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	CARRIED	carry	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	OFF	off	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Chapter	chapter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
7	XIII	XIII	NUM	CD	NumForm=Roman|NumType=Card	6	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry off** | present · passive |  | the CHILDREN |  |  |  | off Chapter | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP NP»: subject=Beneficiary chapter=Value |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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