---
title: younger — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «younger» in the school dictionary: Younger means having lived fewer years than someone else. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# younger

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Younger, I, Anna, Ben, brother, younger brother · **What happens:** mean, have, live, be, hold, not let · **To what, where:** earlier part, 8, much Lily, family, younger dogs, hand · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«younger» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [younger in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/younger.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Younger means having lived fewer years than someone else.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:younger:m1:1
# text = Younger means having lived fewer years than someone else.
1	Younger	younger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	having	have	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	lived	live	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	6	amod	_	_
5	fewer	few	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	amod	_	_
6	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
7	than	than	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	nmod	_	_
9	else	else	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Younger |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **have** *not said to happen* | gerund | Younger *not said here* |  |  |  | year |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **live** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Younger can mean in an earlier part of life: «when I was younger».

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:younger:m2:1
# text = Younger can mean in an earlier part of life: «when I was younger».
1	Younger	younger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	earlier	early	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	7	amod	_	_
7	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	15	advmod	_	_
13	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
14	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
15	younger	young	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can | Younger |  |  | a earlier part of life |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **is** *in a quote* | past | I |  |  |  |  | young *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Anna is 2 years younger than Tom.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:younger:x1:1
# text = Anna is 2 years younger than Tom.
1	Anna	Anna	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl:unmarked	_	_
5	younger	young	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
6	than	than	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Tom	Tom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Anna |  |  |  | year | than Tom; young *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ben is 8, and his brother is 3 years younger.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:younger:x2:1
# text = Ben is 8, and his brother is 3 years younger.
1	Ben	Ben	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	8	8	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	brother	brother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
9	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl:unmarked	_	_
11	younger	young	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Ben | 8 |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | Ben's brother |  |  |  | year | young *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How much younger is Lily than Sam?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:younger:x3:1
# text = How much younger is Lily than Sam?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
3	younger	young	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	xcomp	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	Lily	Lily	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	than	than	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Sam	Sam	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | much Lily |  |  |  | than Sam | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My younger brother is in Year 1.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:younger:x4:1
# text = My younger brother is in Year 1.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	younger	young	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	amod	_	_
3	brother	brother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Year	Year	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	1	1	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | My younger brother |  |  |  | in Year |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
When I was younger, I was scared of dogs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:younger:x5:1
# text = When I was younger, I was scared of dogs.
1	When	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	4	advmod	_	_
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	younger	young	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	scared	scared	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	dogs	dog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | I |  |  |  |  | young *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | past | I |  |  |  |  | of dogs; scared *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She is the youngest in her family.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:younger:x6:1
# text = She is the youngest in her family.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	youngest	young	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | She |  |  | her family |  | young *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Puppies are younger dogs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:younger:x7:1
# text = Puppies are younger dogs.
1	Puppies	puppy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	younger	young	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	amod	_	_
4	dogs	dog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Puppies | younger dogs |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Younger children must hold an adult's hand near the road.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:younger:x8:1
# text = Younger children must hold an adult's hand near the road.
1	Younger	young	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	amod	_	_
2	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	hold	hold	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	adult	adult	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	's	's	PART	POS	_	6	case	_	_
8	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
9	near	near	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | must | Younger children | a adult's hand |  | the road |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent hand=Theme near road=Location |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"We won't let the younger marry before her elders."

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:younger:x9:1
# text = "We won't let the younger marry before her elders."
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
3	wo	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	let	let	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	younger	young	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	xcomp	_	_
8	marry	marry	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
9	before	before	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	elders	elder	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **let** *in a quote* | future | We |  |  |  |  | young *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **marry** *in a quote* | infinitive | We *not said here* |  |  |  | before her elders |  | vn amalgamate-22.2-3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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