---
title: קָשָׁה — Tanakh dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «קָשָׁה» in the Tanakh dictionary: be hard. Every English meaning with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# קָשָׁה

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**Who acts:** you, vb, they, he · **What happens:** be, stiffen, make

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«קָשָׁה‎» in the Tanakh dictionary: its 3 English meanings, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its verses: [קָשָׁה‎ in the Tanakh dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/tanakh/w/7185.md).

## Meaning (OSHB) {#m1}

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be hard

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:tanakh:7185:m1:1
# text = be hard
1	be	be	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	xcomp	_	_
```

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning (BDB 1906) {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
vb. be hard, severe, fierce Pi.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:tanakh:7185:m2:1
# text = vb. be hard, severe, fierce Pi.
1	vb	vb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
3	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	cop	_	_
4	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	severe	severe	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	fierce	fierce	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	Pi	pi	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | infinitive | vb |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | vb *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## MACULA's glosses {#m3}

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they stiffened; he made hard; it is hard

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:tanakh:7185:m3:1
# text = they stiffened; he made hard; it is hard
1	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	stiffened	stiffen	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
6	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	expl	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	_
```

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stiffen** | past | they |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **make** | past | he |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** | present | they *not said here* |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | tree rules |

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**Text:** the English meanings of the Tanakh dictionary: the OpenScriptures lexical index (CC BY 4.0), Brown–Driver–Briggs 1906 (public domain, via Sefaria) as their short meanings, and MACULA Hebrew's glosses (CC BY 4.0) when they read as English; the whole entries, dense with abbreviations and Hebrew, are not parsed. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Trees and frames: Elamur Cosmic License.

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