--- title: 2 Chronicles 18:31 — And it came to pass, when the captains of the chariots saw Jehoshaph… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And it came to pass, when the captains of the chariots saw Jehoshaphat, that they said: 'It is the king of Israel.' Therefore they turned about to fight against him; but Jehoshaphat cried out, and the LORD helped him; and God moved them to depart from him. Who acts: small, captains, Jehoshaphat, LOR --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/2CH.18.31/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Ketuvim](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/) / [2 Chronicles](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/2CH/) / [chapter 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/2CH/18/) / 18:31 # 2 Chronicles 18:31 דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים ב **Who acts:** small, captains, Jehoshaphat, LORD, God · **What happens:** come, pass, see, say, be, turn about · **To what, where:** Jehoshaphat, king, captains · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is 2 Chronicles 18:31 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — small, captains, Jehoshaphat, LORD, God — and what happens in the verse to Jehoshaphat, king, captains, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 36 chapters of 2 Chronicles on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיְהִ֡י כִּרְאוֹת֩ שָׂרֵ֨י הָרֶ֜כֶב אֶת־יְהוֹשָׁפָ֗ט וְהֵ֤מָּה אָֽמְרוּ֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל ה֔וּא וַיָּסֹ֥בּוּ עָלָ֖יו לְהִלָּחֵ֑ם וַיִּזְעַ֤ק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָט֙ וַֽיהוָ֣ה עֲזָר֔וֹ וַיְסִיתֵ֥ם אֱלֹהִ֖ים מִמֶּֽנּוּ׃ [And it came to pass, when the captains of the chariots saw Jehoshaphat, that they said: 'It is the king of Israel.' Therefore they turned about to fight against him; but Jehoshaphat cried out, and the LORD helped him; and God moved them to depart from him.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/2CH.402/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:2CH:378 # text = וַיְהִ֡י כִּרְאוֹת֩ שָׂרֵ֨י הָרֶ֜כֶב אֶת־יְהוֹשָׁפָ֗ט וְהֵ֤מָּה אָֽמְרוּ֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל ה֔וּא וַיָּסֹ֥בּוּ עָלָ֖יו לְהִלָּחֵ֑ם וַיִּזְעַ֤ק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָט֙ וַֽיהוָ֣ה עֲזָר֔וֹ וַיְסִיתֵ֥ם אֱלֹהִ֖ים מִמֶּֽנּוּ׃ # verse = 2CH.18.31 1-2 וַיְהִ֡י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2CH_18:31!1|MId=o140180310011|Strong=2050b 2 יְהִ֡י הָיָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=it.was|Ref=2CH_18:31!1|MId=o140180310012|Strong=1961|Type=wayyiqtol 3-4 כִּרְאוֹת֩ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 כִּ כְּ ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=just|Ref=2CH_18:31!2|MId=o140180310021|Strong=3509a 4 רְאוֹת֩ רָאָה VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 2 advcl _ Gloss=as.saw|Ref=2CH_18:31!2|MId=o140180310022|Strong=7200|Frame=A0:140180310031;A1:140180310061;|Type=infinitive_construct 5 שָׂרֵ֨י שַׂר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ Gloss=the.commanders|Ref=2CH_18:31!3|MId=o140180310031|Strong=8269 6-7 הָרֶ֜כֶב _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 7 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=2CH_18:31!4|MId=o140180310041|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 7 רֶ֜כֶב רֶכֶב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.chariotry|Ref=2CH_18:31!4|MId=o140180310042|Strong=7393 8 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 9 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=2CH_18:31!5|MId=o140180310051|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 9 יְהוֹשָׁפָ֗ט יְהוֹשָׁפָט PROPN _ _ 4 obj _ Gloss=Jehoshaphat|Ref=2CH_18:31!6|MId=o140180310061|Strong=3092 10-11 וְהֵ֤מָּה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 12 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2CH_18:31!7|MId=o140180310071|Strong=2050b 11 הֵ֤מָּה הֵמָּה PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 12 nsubj _ Gloss=they|Ref=2CH_18:31!7|MId=o140180310072|Strong=1992|Type=personal 12 אָֽמְרוּ֙ אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.said|Ref=2CH_18:31!8|MId=o140180310081|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:140180310072;|Type=qatal 13 מֶ֣לֶךְ מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 12 ccomp _ Gloss=[is].the.king|Ref=2CH_18:31!9|MId=o140180310091|Strong=4428 14 יִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 13 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Israel|Ref=2CH_18:31!10|MId=o140180310101|Strong=3478 15 ה֔וּא הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 13 nsubj _ Gloss=it|Ref=2CH_18:31!11|MId=o140180310111|Strong=1931|Type=personal 16-17 וַיָּסֹ֥בּוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 17 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2CH_18:31!12|MId=o140180310121|Strong=2050b 17 יָּסֹ֥בּוּ סָבַב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.surrounded|Ref=2CH_18:31!12|MId=o140180310122|Strong=5437|Frame=A0:140180310031;|Type=wayyiqtol 18-19 עָלָ֖יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 עָלָ֖י עַל ADP _ _ 19 case _ Gloss=(on)|Ref=2CH_18:31!13|MId=o140180310131|Strong=5921 19 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 17 obl _ Gloss=him|Ref=2CH_18:31!13|MId=o140180310132|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 20-21 לְהִלָּחֵ֑ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 21 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=2CH_18:31!14|MId=o140180310141|Strong=3807a 21 הִלָּחֵ֑ם לָחַם VERB _ HebBinyan=NIPHAL 17 advcl _ Gloss=do.battle|Ref=2CH_18:31!14|MId=o140180310142|Strong=3898|Frame=A0:140180310031;|Type=infinitive_construct 22-23 וַיִּזְעַ֤ק _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 23 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2CH_18:31!15|MId=o140180310151|Strong=2050b 23 יִּזְעַ֤ק זָעַק VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.cried.out|Ref=2CH_18:31!15|MId=o140180310152|Strong=2199|Frame=A0:140180310161;|Type=wayyiqtol 24 יְהֽוֹשָׁפָט֙ יְהוֹשָׁפָט PROPN _ _ 23 nsubj _ Gloss=Jehoshaphat|Ref=2CH_18:31!16|MId=o140180310161|Strong=3092 25-26 וַֽיהוָ֣ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 וַֽ וְ CCONJ _ _ 27 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2CH_18:31!17|MId=o140180310171|Strong=2050b 26 יהוָ֣ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 27 nsubj _ Gloss=Yahweh|Ref=2CH_18:31!17|MId=o140180310172|Strong=3068 27-28 עֲזָר֔וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 עֲזָר עָזַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he|Ref=2CH_18:31!18|MId=o140180310181|Strong=5826|Frame=A0:140180310172;A1:140180310182;|Type=qatal 28 ֔וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 27 obj _ Gloss=helped.him|Ref=2CH_18:31!18|MId=o140180310182|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 29-31 וַיְסִיתֵ֥ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 30 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2CH_18:31!19|MId=o140180310191|Strong=2050b 30 יְסִית סוּת VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he|Ref=2CH_18:31!19|MId=o140180310192|Strong=5496|Frame=A0:140180310193;AA:140180310201;|Type=wayyiqtol 31 ֵ֥ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 30 obj _ Gloss=lured.them|Ref=2CH_18:31!19|MId=o140180310193|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 32 אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֱלֹהִים NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 30 nsubj _ Gloss=God|Ref=2CH_18:31!20|MId=o140180310201|Strong=0430 33-34 מִמֶּֽנּוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 מִמּ מִן ADP _ _ 34 case _ Gloss=away|Ref=2CH_18:31!21|MId=o140180310211|Strong=4480 34 ֶֽנּוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 30 obl _ Gloss=from.him|Ref=2CH_18:31!21|MId=o140180310212|Strong=5105b|Type=pronominal 35 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 34 punct _ Ref=2CH_18:31!21 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: no - the frame alone: decl · narrate · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | רְאוֹת *as saw* | infinitive construct · qal | שָׂרֵי *the commanders* | יְהוֹשָׁפָט *Jehoshaphat* | | | | אָֽמְרוּ *they said* | qatal · qal | הֵמָּה *they* | | | | | יָּסֹבּוּ *they surrounded* | wayyiqtol · qal | שָׂרֵי *the commanders* | | | | | הִלָּחֵם *do battle* | infinitive construct · niphal | שָׂרֵי *the commanders* | | | | | יִּזְעַק *he cried out* | wayyiqtol · qal | יְהֽוֹשָׁפָט *Jehoshaphat* | | | | | עֲזָר *he* | qatal · qal | יהוָה *Yahweh* | וֹ *helped him* | | | | יְסִית *he* | wayyiqtol · hiphil | ֵם *lured them* | | | אֱלֹהִים *God* | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And it came to pass, when the captains of the chariots saw Jehoshaphat, that they said: 'It is the king of Israel.' Therefore they turned about to fight against him; but Jehoshaphat cried out, and the LORD helped him; and God moved them to depart from him.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/2CH.402/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:2CH:378`. - ← previous: [2 Chronicles 18:30](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/2CH.18.30/) - next →: [2 Chronicles 18:32](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/2CH.18.32/) - ↑ back to [2 Chronicles 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/2CH/18/)