--- title: Ecclesiastes 4:1 — But I returned and considered all the oppressions that are done unde… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: But I returned and considered all the oppressions that are done under the sun; and behold the tears of such as were oppressed, and they had no comforter; and on the side of their oppressors there was power, but they had no comforter. Who acts: I, tears, power. Ecclesiastes 4:1 in Hebrew with its dep --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/ECC.4.1/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Ketuvim](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/) / [Ecclesiastes](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/ECC/) / [chapter 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/ECC/4/) / 4:1 # Ecclesiastes 4:1 קֹהֶלֶת **Who acts:** I, tears, power · **What happens:** return, consider, do, behold, oppress, have · **To what, where:** oppressions, sun, tears, comforter, side This is Ecclesiastes 4:1 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — I, tears, power — and what happens in the verse to oppressions, sun, tears, comforter, side, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 12 chapters of Ecclesiastes on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וְשַׁ֣בְתִּֽי אֲנִ֗י וָאֶרְאֶה֙ אֶת־כָּל־הָ֣עֲשֻׁקִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר נַעֲשִׂ֖ים תַּ֣חַת הַשָּׁ֑מֶשׁ וְהִנֵּ֣ה ׀ דִּמְעַ֣ת הָעֲשֻׁקִ֗ים וְאֵ֤ין לָהֶם֙ מְנַחֵ֔ם וּמִיַּ֤ד עֹֽשְׁקֵיהֶם֙ כֹּ֔חַ וְאֵ֥ין לָהֶ֖ם מְנַחֵֽם׃ [But I returned and considered all the oppressions that are done under the sun; and behold the tears of such as were oppressed, and they had no comforter; and on the side of their oppressors there was power, but they had no comforter.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/ECC.73/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:ECC:66 # text = וְשַׁ֣בְתִּֽי אֲנִ֗י וָאֶרְאֶה֙ אֶת־כָּל־הָ֣עֲשֻׁקִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר נַעֲשִׂ֖ים תַּ֣חַת הַשָּׁ֑מֶשׁ וְהִנֵּ֣ה ׀ דִּמְעַ֣ת הָעֲשֻׁקִ֗ים וְאֵ֤ין לָהֶם֙ מְנַחֵ֔ם וּמִיַּ֤ד עֹֽשְׁקֵיהֶם֙ כֹּ֔חַ וְאֵ֥ין לָהֶ֖ם מְנַחֵֽם׃ # verse = ECC.4.1 1-2 וְשַׁ֣בְתִּֽי _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ECC_4:1!1|MId=o210040010011|Strong=2050b 2 שַׁ֣בְתִּֽי שׁוּב VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=1 0 root _ Gloss=I.returned|Ref=ECC_4:1!1|MId=o210040010012|Strong=7725|Frame=A0:210040010021;|Type=qatal 3 אֲנִ֗י אֲנִי PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 2 nsubj _ Gloss=I|Ref=ECC_4:1!2|MId=o210040010021|Strong=0589|Type=personal 4-5 וָאֶרְאֶה֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 וָ וְ CCONJ _ _ 5 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ECC_4:1!3|MId=o210040010031|Strong=2050b 5 אֶרְאֶה֙ רָאָה VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=1 2 conj _ Gloss=I.saw|Ref=ECC_4:1!3|MId=o210040010032|Strong=7200|Frame=A0:210010120021;A1:210040010062;|Type=wayyiqtol 6 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 7 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=ECC_4:1!4|MId=o210040010041|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 7 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 obj _ Gloss=all|Ref=ECC_4:1!5|MId=o210040010051|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 8-9 הָ֣עֲשֻׁקִ֔ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 הָ֣ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 9 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=ECC_4:1!6|MId=o210040010061|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 9 עֲשֻׁקִ֔ים עָשׁוּקִים VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 7 compound:smixut _ Gloss=oppression(s)|Ref=ECC_4:1!6|MId=o210040010062|Strong=6231|Type=participle_passive 10 אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 11 mark _ Gloss=which|Ref=ECC_4:1!7|MId=o210040010071|Strong=0834|Type=relative 11 נַעֲשִׂ֖ים עָשָׂה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Plur 7 acl:relcl _ Gloss=[were.being].done|Ref=ECC_4:1!8|MId=o210040010081|Strong=6213|Frame=A1:210040010062;|Type=participle_passive 12 תַּ֣חַת תַּחַת NOUN _ _ 11 obl _ Gloss=under|Ref=ECC_4:1!9|MId=o210040010091|Strong=8478 13-14 הַשָּׁ֑מֶשׁ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 14 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=ECC_4:1!10|MId=o210040010101|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 14 שָּׁ֑מֶשׁ שֶׁמֶשׁ NOUN _ Number=Sing 12 compound:smixut _ Gloss=sun|Ref=ECC_4:1!10|MId=o210040010102|Strong=8121 15-16 וְהִנֵּ֣ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 18 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ECC_4:1!11|MId=o210040010111|Strong=2050b 16 הִנֵּ֣ה הִנֵּה INTJ _ _ 18 discourse _ Gloss=there!|Ref=ECC_4:1!11|MId=o210040010112|Strong=2009|Type=demonstrative 17 ׀ ׀ PUNCT _ _ 16 punct _ Ref=ECC_4:1!11 18 דִּמְעַ֣ת דִּמְעָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 2 conj _ Gloss=the.tear[s]|Ref=ECC_4:1!12|MId=o210040010121|Strong=1832 19-20 הָעֲשֻׁקִ֗ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 20 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=ECC_4:1!13|MId=o210040010131|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 20 עֲשֻׁקִ֗ים עשׁק VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 18 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.oppressed|Ref=ECC_4:1!13|MId=o210040010132|Strong=6231|Type=participle_passive 21-22 וְאֵ֤ין _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 22 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ECC_4:1!14|MId=o210040010141|Strong=2050b 22 אֵ֤ין אַיִן ADV _ _ 2 conj _ Gloss=there.[was].not|Ref=ECC_4:1!14|MId=o210040010142|Strong=0369|Type=negative 23-24 לָהֶם֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 ל לְ ADP _ _ 24 case _ Gloss=for|Ref=ECC_4:1!15|MId=o210040010151|Strong=3807a 24 ָהֶם֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 22 obl _ Gloss=them|Ref=ECC_4:1!15|MId=o210040010152|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 25 מְנַחֵ֔ם נָחַם VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing 22 nsubj _ Gloss=a.comforter|Ref=ECC_4:1!16|MId=o210040010161|Strong=5162|Type=participle_active 26-28 וּמִיַּ֤ד _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 28 cc _ Gloss=and.[was]|Ref=ECC_4:1!17|MId=o210040010171|Strong=2050b 27 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 28 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=ECC_4:1!17|MId=o210040010172|Strong=4480 28 יַּ֤ד יָד NOUN _ Number=Sing 2 conj _ Gloss=the.hand|Ref=ECC_4:1!17|MId=o210040010173|Strong=3027 29-30 עֹֽשְׁקֵיהֶם֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 עֹֽשְׁקֵי עָשַׁק VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 28 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of|Ref=ECC_4:1!18|MId=o210040010181|Strong=6231|Frame=A1:210040010182;|Type=participle_active 30 הֶם֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 29 nmod:poss _ Gloss=their.oppressors|Ref=ECC_4:1!18|MId=o210040010182|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 31 כֹּ֔חַ כֹּחַ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 28 nsubj _ Gloss=power|Ref=ECC_4:1!19|MId=o210040010191|Strong=3581 32-33 וְאֵ֥ין _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 33 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ECC_4:1!20|MId=o210040010201|Strong=2050b 33 אֵ֥ין אַיִן ADV _ _ 2 conj _ Gloss=there.[was].not|Ref=ECC_4:1!20|MId=o210040010202|Strong=0369|Type=negative 34-35 לָהֶ֖ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 34 ל לְ ADP _ _ 35 case _ Gloss=for|Ref=ECC_4:1!21|MId=o210040010211|Strong=3807a 35 ָהֶ֖ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 33 obl _ Gloss=them|Ref=ECC_4:1!21|MId=o210040010212|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 36 מְנַחֵֽם נָחַם VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing 33 nsubj _ Gloss=a.comforter|Ref=ECC_4:1!22|MId=o210040010221|Strong=5162|Type=participle_active|SpaceAfter=No 37 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 36 punct _ Ref=ECC_4:1!22 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | **not** שַׁבְתִּֽי *I returned* | qatal · qal | אֲנִי *I* | | | | | אֶרְאֶה *I saw* | wayyiqtol · qal | | עֲשֻׁקִים *oppression(s)* | | | | נַעֲשִׂים *\[were being\] done* | participle passive · niphal | | עֲשֻׁקִים *oppression(s)* | | | | עֹֽשְׁקֵי *of* | participle active · qal | | הֶם *their oppressors* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## The Targum {#onkelos} וּתְבֵית אֲנָא וַחֲזִית יָת כָּל אֲנִיסִין דְּאִתְעֲבִידוּ לְצַדִּיקַיָּא \[וְאִרְדוּ\] בְּעָלְמָא הָדֵין תְּחוֹת שִׁמְשָׁא מִן יַד דוֹחֲקֵיהוֹן וְלֵית דִי מַלֵיל לְהוֹן תַּנְחוּמִין וְלֵית לְמִפְרַקְהוֹן מִן יַד דְאוֹנְסֵיהוֹן בִּתְקוֹף יְדָא וּבְחֵילָא וְלֵית דִי יַנְחִים לְהוֹן: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [But I returned and considered all the oppressions that are done under the sun; and behold the tears of such as were oppressed, and they had no comforter; and on the side of their oppressors there was power, but they had no comforter.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/ECC.73/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:ECC:66`. - ← previous: [Ecclesiastes 3:22](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/ECC.3.22/) - next →: [Ecclesiastes 4:2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/ECC.4.2/) - ↑ back to [Ecclesiastes 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/ECC/4/)