--- title: Esther 1:16 — And Memucan answered before the king and the princes: 'Vashti the qu… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And Memucan answered before the king and the princes: 'Vashti the queen hath not done wrong to the king only, but also to all the princes, and to all the peoples, that are in all the provinces of the king Ahasuerus. Who acts: Memucan, Vashti, peoples. Esther 1:16 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/EST.1.16/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Ketuvim](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/) / [Esther](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/EST/) / [chapter 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/EST/1/) / 1:16 # Esther 1:16 אֶסְתֵּר **Who acts:** Memucan, Vashti, peoples · **What happens:** answer, not do, be · **To what, where:** wrong, provinces · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Esther 1:16 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Memucan, Vashti, peoples — and what happens in the verse to wrong, provinces, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 10 chapters of Esther on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיֹּ֣אמֶר מְמוּכָ֗ן לִפְנֵ֤י הַמֶּ֙לֶךְ֙ וְהַשָּׂרִ֔ים לֹ֤א עַל־הַמֶּ֙לֶךְ֙ לְבַדּ֔וֹ עָוְתָ֖ה וַשְׁתִּ֣י הַמַּלְכָּ֑ה כִּ֤י עַל־כָּל־הַשָּׂרִים֙ וְעַל־כָּל־הָ֣עַמִּ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֕ר בְּכָל־מְדִינ֖וֹת הַמֶּ֥לֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵרֽוֹשׁ׃ [And Memucan answered before the king and the princes: 'Vashti the queen hath not done wrong to the king only, but also to all the princes, and to all the peoples, that are in all the provinces of the king Ahasuerus.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/EST.15/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:EST:15 # text = וַיֹּ֣אמֶר מְמוּכָ֗ן לִפְנֵ֤י הַמֶּ֙לֶךְ֙ וְהַשָּׂרִ֔ים לֹ֤א עַל־הַמֶּ֙לֶךְ֙ לְבַדּ֔וֹ עָוְתָ֖ה וַשְׁתִּ֣י הַמַּלְכָּ֑ה כִּ֤י עַל־כָּל־הַשָּׂרִים֙ וְעַל־כָּל־הָ֣עַמִּ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֕ר בְּכָל־מְדִינ֖וֹת הַמֶּ֥לֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵרֽוֹשׁ׃ # verse = EST.1.16 1-2 וַיֹּ֣אמֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EST_1:16!1|MId=o170010160011|Strong=2050b 2 יֹּ֣אמֶר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.said|Ref=EST_1:16!1|MId=o170010160012|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:170010160031;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 מְמוּכָ֗ן מְמוּכָן PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=Memucan|Ref=EST_1:16!3|MId=o170010160031|Strong=4462 4-5 לִפְנֵ֤י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 לִ לְ ADP _ _ 5 case _ Gloss=before|Ref=EST_1:16!4|MId=o170010160041|Strong=3807a 5 פְנֵ֤י פָּנֶה NOUN _ Number=Plur 2 obl _ Gloss=|Ref=EST_1:16!4|MId=o170010160042|Strong=6440 6-7 הַמֶּ֙לֶךְ֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 7 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=EST_1:16!5|MId=o170010160051|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 7 מֶּ֙לֶךְ֙ מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 compound:smixut _ Gloss=king|Ref=EST_1:16!5|MId=o170010160052|Strong=4428 8-10 וְהַשָּׂרִ֔ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 10 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EST_1:16!6|MId=o170010160061|Strong=2050b 9 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 10 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=EST_1:16!6|MId=o170010160062|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 10 שָּׂרִ֔ים שַׂר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 7 conj _ Gloss=officials|Ref=EST_1:16!6|MId=o170010160063|Strong=8269 11 לֹ֤א לֹא ADV _ _ 18 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=EST_1:16!7|MId=o170010160071|Strong=3808|Type=negative 12 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 14 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=EST_1:16!8|MId=o170010160081|Strong=5921|SpaceAfter=No 13-14 הַמֶּ֙לֶךְ֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 14 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=EST_1:16!9|MId=o170010160091|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 14 מֶּ֙לֶךְ֙ מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 18 obl _ Gloss=king|Ref=EST_1:16!9|MId=o170010160092|Strong=4428 15-17 לְבַדּ֔וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 16 case _ Gloss=him|Ref=EST_1:16!10|MId=o170010160101|Strong=3807a 16 בַדּ בַּד NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 14 nmod _ Gloss=|Ref=EST_1:16!10|MId=o170010160102|Strong=0905 17 ֔וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 16 nmod:poss _ Gloss=alone|Ref=EST_1:16!10|MId=o170010160103|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 18 עָוְתָ֖ה עָוָה VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 ccomp _ Gloss=she.did.wrong|Ref=EST_1:16!11|MId=o170010160111|Strong=5753|Frame=A0:170010160121;|Type=qatal 19 וַשְׁתִּ֣י וַשְׁתִּי PROPN _ _ 18 nsubj _ Gloss=Vashti|Ref=EST_1:16!12|MId=o170010160121|Strong=2060 20-21 הַמַּלְכָּ֑ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 21 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=EST_1:16!13|MId=o170010160131|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 21 מַּלְכָּ֑ה מַלְכָּה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 19 appos _ Gloss=queen|Ref=EST_1:16!13|MId=o170010160132|Strong=4436 22 כִּ֤י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 24 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=EST_1:16!14|MId=o170010160141|Strong=3588 23 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 24 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=EST_1:16!15|MId=o170010160151|Strong=5921|SpaceAfter=No 24 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 18 advcl _ Gloss=all|Ref=EST_1:16!16|MId=o170010160161|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 25-26 הַשָּׂרִים֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 26 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=EST_1:16!17|MId=o170010160171|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 26 שָּׂרִים֙ שַׂר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 24 compound:smixut _ Gloss=officials|Ref=EST_1:16!17|MId=o170010160172|Strong=8269 27-28 וְעַל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 29 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EST_1:16!18|MId=o170010160181|Strong=2050b 28 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 29 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=EST_1:16!18|MId=o170010160182|Strong=5921 29 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 24 conj _ Gloss=all|Ref=EST_1:16!19|MId=o170010160191|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 30-31 הָ֣עַמִּ֔ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 הָ֣ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 31 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=EST_1:16!20|MId=o170010160201|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 31 עַמִּ֔ים עַם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 29 compound:smixut _ Gloss=peoples|Ref=EST_1:16!20|MId=o170010160202|Strong=5971 32 אֲשֶׁ֕ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 34 mark _ Gloss=which|Ref=EST_1:16!21|MId=o170010160211|Strong=0834|Type=relative 33-34 בְּכָל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 34 case _ Gloss=[are].in|Ref=EST_1:16!22|MId=o170010160221|Strong=0871a 34 כָל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 29 acl:relcl _ Gloss=all|Ref=EST_1:16!22|MId=o170010160222|Strong=3605 35 מְדִינ֖וֹת מְדִינָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 34 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.provinces|Ref=EST_1:16!23|MId=o170010160231|Strong=4082 36-37 הַמֶּ֥לֶךְ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 37 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=EST_1:16!24|MId=o170010160241|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 37 מֶּ֥לֶךְ מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 35 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.king|Ref=EST_1:16!24|MId=o170010160242|Strong=4428 38 אֲחַשְׁוֵרֽוֹשׁ אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ PROPN _ _ 37 appos _ Gloss=Ahasuerus|Ref=EST_1:16!25|MId=o170010160251|Strong=0325|SpaceAfter=No 39 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 38 punct _ Ref=EST_1:16!25 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: yes - the frame alone: decl · narrate · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יֹּאמֶר *he said* | wayyiqtol · qal | מְמוּכָן *Memucan* | | | | | **not** עָוְתָה *she did wrong* | qatal · qal | וַשְׁתִּי *Vashti* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## The Targum {#onkelos} וַאֲמַר מְמוּכָן הוּא הָמָן בַּר בְּרֵיהּ דַאֲגַג רַשִׁיעָא קֳדָם מַלְכָּא וְרַבְרְבָנַיָא לָא עַל עִלַוֵי דְמַלְכָּא בִּלְחוֹדוֹי סָרַחַת וַשְׁתִּי מַלְכְּתָא אֲרוּם עִלַוֵי כָּל רַבְבְרָנַיָא וְעִלַוֵי כָל עַמְמַיָא דִי בְּכָל פַּלְכַיָא דִי שַׁלִיט בְּהוֹן מַלְכָּא אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And Memucan answered before the king and the princes: 'Vashti the queen hath not done wrong to the king only, but also to all the princes, and to all the peoples, that are in all the provinces of the king Ahasuerus.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/EST.15/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:EST:15`. - ← previous: [Esther 1:15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/EST.1.15/) - next →: [Esther 1:17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/EST.1.17/) - ↑ back to [Esther 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/EST/1/)