--- title: Ezra 4:20 — There have been mighty kings also over Jerusalem, who have ruled ove… · Aramaic, tree and pragmatics description: There have been mighty kings also over Jerusalem, who have ruled over all the country beyond the River; and tribute, impost, and toll, was paid unto them. Who acts: mighty kings. Ezra 4:20 in Biblical Aramaic with its dependency tree, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/EZR.4.20/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Ketuvim](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/) / [Ezra](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/EZR/) / [chapter 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/EZR/4/) / 4:20 # Ezra 4:20 עֶזְרָא **Who acts:** mighty kings · **What happens:** be, rule, pay · **To what, where:** Jerusalem, country, tribute This is Ezra 4:20 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Biblical Aramaic as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Aramaic — and its pragmatics: who acts — mighty kings — and what happens in the verse to Jerusalem, country, tribute, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 10 chapters of Ezra on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וּמַלְכִ֣ין תַּקִּיפִ֗ין הֲווֹ֙ עַל־יְר֣וּשְׁלֶ֔ם וְשַׁ֨לִּיטִ֔ין בְּכֹ֖ל עֲבַ֣ר נַהֲרָ֑ה וּמִדָּ֥ה בְל֛וֹ וַהֲלָ֖ךְ מִתְיְהֵ֥ב לְהֽוֹן׃ [There have been mighty kings also over Jerusalem, who have ruled over all the country beyond the River; and tribute, impost, and toll, was paid unto them.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/EZR.115/) ## The tree {#tree} This verse is in Biblical Aramaic, as the book has it here; its tree is MACULA's Aramaic tree. Right to left, as it is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc-arc:EZR:12 # text = וּמַלְכִ֣ין תַּקִּיפִ֗ין הֲווֹ֙ עַל־יְר֣וּשְׁלֶ֔ם וְשַׁ֨לִּיטִ֔ין בְּכֹ֖ל עֲבַ֣ר נַהֲרָ֑ה וּמִדָּ֥ה בְל֛וֹ וַהֲלָ֖ךְ מִתְיְהֵ֥ב לְהֽוֹן׃ # verse = EZR.4.20 1-2 וּמַלְכִ֣ין _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 6 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EZR_4:20!1|MId=o150040200011|Strong=2050d|Lang=arc 2 מַלְכִ֣ין מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 6 nsubj _ Gloss=kings|Ref=EZR_4:20!1|MId=o150040200012|Strong=4430|Lang=arc 3 תַּקִּיפִ֗ין תַּקִּיף ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 2 amod _ Gloss=strong|Ref=EZR_4:20!2|MId=o150040200021|Strong=8624|Lang=arc|Type=adjective 4 הֲווֹ֙ הוה AUX _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PEAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 6 cop _ Gloss=they.were|Ref=EZR_4:20!3|MId=o150040200031|Strong=1934|Lang=arc|Frame=A0:150040200012;|Type=qatal 5 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 6 case _ Gloss=over|Ref=EZR_4:20!4|MId=o150040200041|Strong=5922|Lang=arc|SpaceAfter=No 6 יְר֣וּשְׁלֶ֔ם יְרוּשְׁלֵם PROPN _ _ 0 root _ Gloss=Jerusalem|Ref=EZR_4:20!5|MId=o150040200051|Strong=3390|Lang=arc 7-8 וְשַׁ֨לִּיטִ֔ין _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 8 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EZR_4:20!6|MId=o150040200061|Strong=2050d|Lang=arc 8 שַׁ֨לִּיטִ֔ין שַׁלִּיט ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 6 conj _ Gloss=having.mastery|Ref=EZR_4:20!6|MId=o150040200062|Strong=7990|Lang=arc|Type=adjective 9-10 בְּכֹ֖ל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 10 case _ Gloss=over|Ref=EZR_4:20!7|MId=o150040200071|Strong=0871b|Lang=arc 10 כֹ֖ל כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 8 obl _ Gloss=all|Ref=EZR_4:20!7|MId=o150040200072|Strong=3606|Lang=arc 11 עֲבַ֣ר עֲבַר PROPN _ _ 10 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.region.beyond|Ref=EZR_4:20!8|MId=o150040200081|Strong=5675|Lang=arc 12-13 נַהֲרָ֑ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 נַהֲר נְהַר PROPN _ _ 11 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the|Ref=EZR_4:20!9|MId=o150040200091|Strong=5103|Lang=arc 13 ָ֑ה ה DET _ PronType=Art 12 det _ Gloss=river|Ref=EZR_4:20!9|MId=o150040200092|Strong=0001b|Lang=arc|Type=definite_article 14-15 וּמִדָּ֥ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 19 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EZR_4:20!10|MId=o150040200101|Strong=2050d|Lang=arc 15 מִדָּ֥ה מִדָּה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 19 nsubj _ Gloss=tribute|Ref=EZR_4:20!10|MId=o150040200102|Strong=4061|Lang=arc 16 בְל֛וֹ בְּלוֹ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 15 conj _ Gloss=tax|Ref=EZR_4:20!11|MId=o150040200111|Strong=1093|Lang=arc 17-18 וַהֲלָ֖ךְ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 18 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EZR_4:20!12|MId=o150040200121|Strong=2050d|Lang=arc 18 הֲלָ֖ךְ הֲלָךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 15 conj _ Gloss=toll|Ref=EZR_4:20!12|MId=o150040200122|Strong=1983|Lang=arc 19 מִתְיְהֵ֥ב יְהַב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HITHPEEL|Number=Sing 6 conj _ Gloss=[was].being.paid|Ref=EZR_4:20!13|MId=o150040200131|Strong=3052|Lang=arc|Frame=A1:150040200102;150040200111;150040200122;|Type=participle_passive 20-21 לְהֽוֹן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 ל לְ ADP _ _ 21 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=EZR_4:20!14|MId=o150040200141|Strong=3807b|Lang=arc 21 ְהֽוֹן הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 19 obl _ Gloss=them|Ref=EZR_4:20!14|MId=o150040200142|Strong=1952a|Lang=arc|Type=pronominal 22 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 21 punct _ Ref=EZR_4:20!14 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | הֲווֹ *they were* | qatal · peal | מַלְכִין *kings* | | | | | מִתְיְהֵב *\[was\] being paid* | participle passive · hithpeel | | מִדָּה *tribute* + בְלוֹ *tax* + הֲלָךְ *toll* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [There have been mighty kings also over Jerusalem, who have ruled over all the country beyond the River; and tribute, impost, and toll, was paid unto them.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/EZR.115/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc-arc:EZR:12`. - ← previous: [Ezra 4:19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/EZR.4.19/) - next →: [Ezra 4:21](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/EZR.4.21/) - ↑ back to [Ezra 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/EZR/4/)