--- title: Ezra 4:8 — Rehum the commander and Shimshai the scribe wrote a letter against J… · Aramaic, tree and pragmatics description: Rehum the commander and Shimshai the scribe wrote a letter against Jerusalem to Artaxerxes the king in this sort — Who acts: Rehum. Ezra 4:8 in Biblical Aramaic with its dependency tree, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/EZR.4.8/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Ketuvim](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/) / [Ezra](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/EZR/) / [chapter 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/EZR/4/) / 4:8 # Ezra 4:8 עֶזְרָא **Who acts:** Rehum · **What happens:** write · **To what, where:** letter, Artaxerxes, sort This is Ezra 4:8 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Biblical Aramaic as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Aramaic — and its pragmatics: who acts — Rehum — and what happens in the verse to letter, Artaxerxes, sort, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 10 chapters of Ezra on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. רְח֣וּם בְּעֵל־טְעֵ֗ם וְשִׁמְשַׁי֙ סָֽפְרָ֔א כְּתַ֛בוּ אִגְּרָ֥ה חֲדָ֖ה עַל־יְרוּשְׁלֶ֑ם לְאַרְתַּחְשַׁ֥שְׂתְּא מַלְכָּ֖א כְּנֵֽמָא׃ [Rehum the commander and Shimshai the scribe wrote a letter against Jerusalem to Artaxerxes the king in this sort —](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/EZR.103/) ## The tree {#tree} This verse is in Biblical Aramaic, as the book has it here; its tree is MACULA's Aramaic tree. Right to left, as it is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc-arc:EZR:0 # text = רְח֣וּם בְּעֵל־טְעֵ֗ם וְשִׁמְשַׁי֙ סָֽפְרָ֔א כְּתַ֛בוּ אִגְּרָ֥ה חֲדָ֖ה עַל־יְרוּשְׁלֶ֑ם לְאַרְתַּחְשַׁ֥שְׂתְּא מַלְכָּ֖א כְּנֵֽמָא׃ # verse = EZR.4.8 1 רְח֣וּם רְחוּם PROPN _ _ 8 nsubj _ Gloss=Rehum|Ref=EZR_4:8!1|MId=o150040080011|Strong=7348a|Lang=arc 2 בְּעֵל־ בְּעֵל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 1 appos _ Gloss=lord|Ref=EZR_4:8!2|MId=o150040080021|Strong=1169|Lang=arc|SpaceAfter=No 3 טְעֵ֗ם טְעֵם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.command|Ref=EZR_4:8!3|MId=o150040080031|Strong=2942|Lang=arc 4-5 וְשִׁמְשַׁי֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 5 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EZR_4:8!4|MId=o150040080041|Strong=2050d|Lang=arc 5 שִׁמְשַׁי֙ שִׁמְשַׁי PROPN _ _ 1 conj _ Gloss=Shimshai|Ref=EZR_4:8!4|MId=o150040080042|Strong=8124|Lang=arc 6-7 סָֽפְרָ֔א _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 סָֽפְר סָפִר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 appos _ Gloss=the|Ref=EZR_4:8!5|MId=o150040080051|Strong=5613|Lang=arc 7 ָ֔א א DET _ PronType=Art 6 det _ Gloss=scribe|Ref=EZR_4:8!5|MId=o150040080052|Strong=0001b|Lang=arc|Type=definite_article 8 כְּתַ֛בוּ כְּתַב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PEAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=they.wrote|Ref=EZR_4:8!6|MId=o150040080061|Strong=3790|Lang=arc|Frame=A0:150040080011;150040080042;A1:150040080071;|Type=qatal 9 אִגְּרָ֥ה אִגְּרָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 8 obj _ Gloss=a.letter|Ref=EZR_4:8!7|MId=o150040080071|Strong=0104|Lang=arc 10 חֲדָ֖ה חַד NUM _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 9 nummod _ Gloss=one|Ref=EZR_4:8!8|MId=o150040080081|Strong=2298|Lang=arc|Type=cardinal_number 11 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 12 case _ Gloss=concerning|Ref=EZR_4:8!9|MId=o150040080091|Strong=5922|Lang=arc|SpaceAfter=No 12 יְרוּשְׁלֶ֑ם יְרוּשְׁלֵם PROPN _ _ 8 obl _ Gloss=Jerusalem|Ref=EZR_4:8!10|MId=o150040080101|Strong=3390|Lang=arc 13-14 לְאַרְתַּחְשַׁ֥שְׂתְּא _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 14 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=EZR_4:8!11|MId=o150040080111|Strong=3807b|Lang=arc 14 אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֥שְׂתְּא אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא PROPN _ _ 8 obl _ Gloss=Artaxerxes|Ref=EZR_4:8!11|MId=o150040080112|Strong=0783a|Lang=arc 15-16 מַלְכָּ֖א _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 מַלְכּ מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 14 appos _ Gloss=the|Ref=EZR_4:8!12|MId=o150040080121|Strong=4430|Lang=arc 16 ָ֖א א DET _ PronType=Art 15 det _ Gloss=king|Ref=EZR_4:8!12|MId=o150040080122|Strong=0001b|Lang=arc|Type=definite_article 17 כְּנֵֽמָא כְּנֵמָא ADV _ _ 8 advmod _ Gloss=as.follows|Ref=EZR_4:8!13|MId=o150040080131|Strong=3660|Lang=arc|SpaceAfter=No 18 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 17 punct _ Ref=EZR_4:8!13 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | כְּתַבוּ *they wrote* | qatal · peal | רְחוּם *Rehum* + שִׁמְשַׁי *Shimshai* | אִגְּרָה *a letter* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Rehum the commander and Shimshai the scribe wrote a letter against Jerusalem to Artaxerxes the king in this sort —](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/EZR.103/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc-arc:EZR:0`. - ← previous: [Ezra 4:7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/EZR.4.7/) - next →: [Ezra 4:9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/EZR.4.9/) - ↑ back to [Ezra 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/EZR/4/)