--- title: Lamentations 1:2 — She weepeth sore in the night, and her tears are on her cheeks; she… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: She weepeth sore in the night, and her tears are on her cheeks; she hath none to comfort her among all her lovers; all her friends have dealt treacherously with her, they are become her enemies. Who acts: city, tears, friends. Lamentations 1:2 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, the Targum, JPS 1917 --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.1.2/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Ketuvim](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/) / [Lamentations](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/) / [chapter 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/1/) / 1:2 # Lamentations 1:2 אֵיכָה **Who acts:** city, tears, friends · **What happens:** weep, be, have, comfort, deal, become · **To what, where:** cheeks, none, city, enemies This is Lamentations 1:2 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — city, tears, friends — and what happens in the verse to cheeks, none, city, enemies, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 5 chapters of Lamentations on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. בָּכ֨וֹ תִבְכֶּ֜ה בַּלַּ֗יְלָה וְדִמְעָתָהּ֙ עַ֣ל לֶֽחֱיָ֔הּ אֵֽין־לָ֥הּ מְנַחֵ֖ם מִכָּל־אֹהֲבֶ֑יהָ כָּל־רֵעֶ֙יהָ֙ בָּ֣גְדוּ בָ֔הּ הָ֥יוּ לָ֖הּ לְאֹיְבִֽים׃ס [She weepeth sore in the night, and her tears are on her cheeks; she hath none to comfort her among all her lovers; all her friends have dealt treacherously with her, they are become her enemies.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.3/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:LAM:1 # text = בָּכ֨וֹ תִבְכֶּ֜ה בַּלַּ֗יְלָה וְדִמְעָתָהּ֙ עַ֣ל לֶֽחֱיָ֔הּ אֵֽין־לָ֥הּ מְנַחֵ֖ם מִכָּל־אֹהֲבֶ֑יהָ כָּל־רֵעֶ֙יהָ֙ בָּ֣גְדוּ בָ֔הּ הָ֥יוּ לָ֖הּ לְאֹיְבִֽים׃ס # verse = LAM.1.2 1 בָּכ֨וֹ בָּכָה VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 2 obl:npmod _ Gloss=bitterly.(weep)|Ref=LAM_1:2!1|MId=o250010020011|Strong=1058|Type=infinitive_absolute 2 תִבְכֶּ֜ה בָּכָה VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=it.weeps|Ref=LAM_1:2!2|MId=o250010020021|Strong=1058|Frame=A0:250010010111;|Type=yiqtol 3-5 בַּלַּ֗יְלָה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 בַּ בְּ ADP _ _ 5 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=LAM_1:2!3|MId=o250010020031|Strong=0871a 4 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 5 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=LAM_1:2!3|MId=o250010020031ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 5 לַּ֗יְלָה לַיְלָה NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 obl _ Gloss=night|Ref=LAM_1:2!3|MId=o250010020032|Strong=3915 6-8 וְדִמְעָתָהּ֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 10 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=LAM_1:2!4|MId=o250010020041|Strong=2050b 7 דִמְעָת דִּמְעָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 10 nsubj _ Gloss=tear[s]|Ref=LAM_1:2!4|MId=o250010020042|Strong=1832 8 ָהּ֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 7 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=LAM_1:2!4|MId=o250010020043|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 9 עַ֣ל עַל ADP _ _ 10 case _ Gloss=[are].on|Ref=LAM_1:2!5|MId=o250010020051|Strong=5921 10-11 לֶֽחֱיָ֔הּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 לֶֽחֱי לְחִי NOUN _ Number=Sing 2 conj _ Gloss=cheek|Ref=LAM_1:2!6|MId=o250010020061|Strong=3895 11 ָ֔הּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 10 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=LAM_1:2!6|MId=o250010020062|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 12 אֵֽין־ אַיִן ADV _ _ 2 parataxis _ Gloss=there.[is].not|Ref=LAM_1:2!7|MId=o250010020071|Strong=0369|Type=negative|SpaceAfter=No 13-14 לָ֥הּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 ל לְ ADP _ _ 14 case _ Gloss=for|Ref=LAM_1:2!8|MId=o250010020081|Strong=3807a 14 ָ֥הּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 12 obl _ Gloss=it|Ref=LAM_1:2!8|MId=o250010020082|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 15 מְנַחֵ֖ם נָחַם VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing 12 nsubj _ Gloss=a.comforter|Ref=LAM_1:2!9|MId=o250010020091|Strong=5162|Type=participle_active 16-17 מִכָּל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 17 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=LAM_1:2!10|MId=o250010020101|Strong=4480 17 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 12 obl _ Gloss=all|Ref=LAM_1:2!10|MId=o250010020102|Strong=3605 18-19 אֹהֲבֶ֑יהָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 אֹהֲבֶ֑י אָהֵב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 17 compound:smixut _ Gloss=lovers|Ref=LAM_1:2!11|MId=o250010020111|Strong=0157|Type=participle_active 19 הָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 18 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=LAM_1:2!11|MId=o250010020112|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 20 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 23 nsubj _ Gloss=all|Ref=LAM_1:2!12|MId=o250010020121|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 21-22 רֵעֶ֙יהָ֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 רֵעֶ֙י רֵעַ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 20 compound:smixut _ Gloss=friends|Ref=LAM_1:2!13|MId=o250010020131|Strong=7453 22 הָ֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 21 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=LAM_1:2!13|MId=o250010020132|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 23 בָּ֣גְדוּ בָּגַד VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 parataxis _ Gloss=they.have.dealt.treacherously|Ref=LAM_1:2!14|MId=o250010020141|Strong=0898|Frame=A0:250010020131;|Type=qatal 24-25 בָ֔הּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 ב בְּ ADP _ _ 25 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=LAM_1:2!15|MId=o250010020151|Strong=0871a 25 ָ֔הּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 23 obl _ Gloss=it|Ref=LAM_1:2!15|MId=o250010020152|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 26 הָ֥יוּ הָיָה AUX _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 30 cop _ Gloss=they.have.become|Ref=LAM_1:2!16|MId=o250010020161|Strong=1961|Frame=A0:250010020111;250010020131;|Type=qatal 27-28 לָ֖הּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 ל לְ ADP _ _ 28 case _ Gloss=|Ref=LAM_1:2!17|MId=o250010020171|Strong=3807a 28 ָ֖הּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 30 obl _ Gloss=its|Ref=LAM_1:2!17|MId=o250010020172|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 29-30 לְאֹיְבִֽים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 30 case _ Gloss=(into)|Ref=LAM_1:2!18|MId=o250010020181|Strong=3807a 30 אֹיְבִֽים אָיַב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 2 parataxis _ Gloss=enemies|Ref=LAM_1:2!18|MId=o250010020182|Strong=0341|Type=participle_active 31 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 30 punct _ Ref=LAM_1:2!18|SpaceAfter=No 32 ס ס PUNCT _ _ 30 punct _ Ref=LAM_1:2!18 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | **not** תִבְכֶּה *it weeps* | yiqtol · qal | | | | | | בָּגְדוּ *they have dealt treacherously* | qatal · qal | רֵעֶי *friends* | | | | | הָיוּ *they have become* | qatal · qal | אֹהֲבֶי *lovers* + רֵעֶי *friends* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## The Targum {#onkelos} כַּד שָׁלַח משֶׁה נְבִיָּא אִזְגַדִּין לְאַלָּלָא יָת אַרְעָא וְתָבוּ אִזְגַדַּיָּא וְאַפִּיקוּ שׁוּם בִּישׁ עַל אַרְעָא דְיִשְׂרָאֵל וְהַהִיא לֵילְיָא תְּשַׁע יוֹמִין בְּאָב הֲוָה וְכַד שְׁמָעוּ עַמָּא בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל יַת בְּשׂוֹרָתָא בִּישָׁא הָדָא דְאִתְבַּשְׂרוּ עַל אַרְעָא דְיִשְׂרָאֵל נְטָלוּ עַמָּא יָת קָלֵיהוֹן וּבְכוּ בְּלֵילְיָא הַהוּא מִן יַד תְּקֵיף רוּגְזָא דַייָ בְהוֹן וּגְזַר לְמֶהֱוֵי בָּכָן בְּלֵילְיָא הָדָא לְדָרֵיהוֹן עַל חוּרְבַּן בֵּית מוּקְדְשָׁא וּכְדוֹ אִתְאַמַּר בִּנְבוּאָה לְיִרְמְיָהוּ כַּהֲנָא רַבָּא לְמֶהֱוֵי חָרֵיבָא יְרוּשְׁלֵם עַל יְדוֹי דִנְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר רַשִּׁיעָא אִין לָא תַיְבִין בִּתְיוּבְתָּא. מִן יַד עָאל וְאוֹכַח יָת עַמָּא בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל וְסָרִיבוּ לְקַבָּלָא בְמֵימְרֵיהּ בְּכֵן עָאל נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר רַשִּׁיעָא וְצָרָא יָת יְרוּשְׁלֵם וּבֵית מַקְדְשָׁא אוֹקִיד בְּנוּרָא בִתְשַׁע יוֹמִין בְּיַרחָא דְאָב וּבֵיהּ בְּכִיהָא כְּנִשְׁתָּא דְיִשְׂרָאֵל בְּכוּתָא וְדִמְעָהָא זַלֵּיג עַל לֵיסְתָהָא וְלֵית דִּי יְמַלֵּיל תַּנְחוּמִין עַל לִבָּהָא מִן כָּל טַעֲוָתָא דִּי רְחִמְתָּא לְמֵיזַל בַּתְרֵיהוֹן וּבְגִין כֵּן כָּל חַבְרָהָא אַרְשִׁיעוּ בָהּ אִתְהַפִּיכוּ לְמֶהֱוֵי לָהּ לְבַעֲלֵי דְבָבִין: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [She weepeth sore in the night, and her tears are on her cheeks; she hath none to comfort her among all her lovers; all her friends have dealt treacherously with her, they are become her enemies.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.3/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:LAM:1`. - ← previous: [Lamentations 1:1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.1.1/) - next →: [Lamentations 1:3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.1.3/) - ↑ back to [Lamentations 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/1/)