--- title: Lamentations 1:20 — Behold, O LORD, for I am in distress, mine inwards burn; my heart is… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: Behold, O LORD, for I am in distress, mine inwards burn; my heart is turned within me, for I have grievously rebelled. Abroad the sword bereaveth, at home there is the like of death. Who acts: I, inwards, sword, like. Lamentations 1:20 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, the Targum, JPS 1917 and the --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.1.20/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Ketuvim](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/) / [Lamentations](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/) / [chapter 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/1/) / 1:20 # Lamentations 1:20 אֵיכָה **Who acts:** I, inwards, sword, like · **What happens:** be, burn, turn, rebel, bereave · **To what, where:** distress, heart, home This is Lamentations 1:20 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — I, inwards, sword, like — and what happens in the verse to distress, heart, home, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 5 chapters of Lamentations on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. רְאֵ֨ה יְהוָ֤ה כִּֽי־צַר־לִי֙ מֵעַ֣י חֳמַרְמָ֔רוּ נֶהְפַּ֤ךְ לִבִּי֙ בְּקִרְבִּ֔י כִּ֥י מָר֖וֹ מָרִ֑יתִי מִח֥וּץ שִׁכְּלָה־חֶ֖רֶב בַּבַּ֥יִת כַּמָּֽוֶת׃ס [Behold, O LORD, for I am in distress, mine inwards burn; my heart is turned within me, for I have grievously rebelled.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.22/) [Abroad the sword bereaveth, at home there is the like of death.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.23/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:LAM:19 # text = רְאֵ֨ה יְהוָ֤ה כִּֽי־צַר־לִי֙ מֵעַ֣י חֳמַרְמָ֔רוּ נֶהְפַּ֤ךְ לִבִּי֙ בְּקִרְבִּ֔י כִּ֥י מָר֖וֹ מָרִ֑יתִי מִח֥וּץ שִׁכְּלָה־חֶ֖רֶב בַּבַּ֥יִת כַּמָּֽוֶת׃ס # verse = LAM.1.20 1 רְאֵ֨ה רָאָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 0 root _ Gloss=see|Ref=LAM_1:20!1|MId=o250010200011|Strong=7200|Frame=A0:250010200021;|Type=imperative 2 יְהוָ֤ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 1 parataxis _ Gloss=O.Yahweh|Ref=LAM_1:20!2|MId=o250010200021|Strong=3068 3 כִּֽי־ כִּי SCONJ _ _ 6 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=LAM_1:20!3|MId=o250010200031|Strong=3588|SpaceAfter=No 4 צַר־ צָרַר ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 nsubj _ Gloss=distress|Ref=LAM_1:20!4|MId=o250010200041|Strong=6862|Type=adjective|SpaceAfter=No 5-6 לִי֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 ל לְ ADP _ _ 6 case _ Gloss=[belongs].to|Ref=LAM_1:20!5|MId=o250010200051|Strong=3807a 6 ִי֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 1 advcl _ Gloss=me|Ref=LAM_1:20!5|MId=o250010200052|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 7-8 מֵעַ֣י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 מֵע מֵעִים NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 9 nsubj _ Gloss=parts|Ref=LAM_1:20!6|MId=o250010200061|Strong=4578 8 ַ֣י הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 7 nmod:poss _ Gloss=my.inward|Ref=LAM_1:20!6|MId=o250010200062|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 9 חֳמַרְמָ֔רוּ חָמַר VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=PEALAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 1 parataxis _ Gloss=they.are.in.turmoil|Ref=LAM_1:20!7|MId=o250010200071|Strong=2560|Frame=A0:250010200061;|Type=qatal 10 נֶהְפַּ֤ךְ הָפַךְ VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 1 parataxis _ Gloss=it.has.been.overturned|Ref=LAM_1:20!8|MId=o250010200081|Strong=2015|Frame=A1:250010200091;|Type=qatal 11-12 לִבִּי֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 לִבּ לֵב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 10 nsubj _ Gloss=heart|Ref=LAM_1:20!9|MId=o250010200091|Strong=3820 12 ִי֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 11 nmod:poss _ Gloss=my|Ref=LAM_1:20!9|MId=o250010200092|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 13-15 בְּקִרְבִּ֔י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 14 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=LAM_1:20!10|MId=o250010200101|Strong=0871a 14 קִרְבּ קֶרֶב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 10 obl _ Gloss=my.inner|Ref=LAM_1:20!10|MId=o250010200102|Strong=7130 15 ִ֔י הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 14 nmod:poss _ Gloss=being|Ref=LAM_1:20!10|MId=o250010200103|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 16 כִּ֥י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 18 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=LAM_1:20!11|MId=o250010200111|Strong=3588 17 מָר֖וֹ מָרָה VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 18 obl:npmod _ Gloss=extremely.(be.rebellious)|Ref=LAM_1:20!12|MId=o250010200121|Strong=4784|Type=infinitive_absolute 18 מָרִ֑יתִי מָרָה VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=1 1 advcl _ Gloss=I.have.been.rebellious|Ref=LAM_1:20!13|MId=o250010200131|Strong=4784|Frame=A0:250010170021;|Type=qatal 19-20 מִח֥וּץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 20 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=LAM_1:20!14|MId=o250010200141|Strong=4480 20 ח֥וּץ חוּץ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 21 obl _ Gloss=outside|Ref=LAM_1:20!14|MId=o250010200142|Strong=2351 21 שִׁכְּלָה־ שָׁכֹל VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing|Person=3 1 parataxis _ Gloss=it.has.bereaved|Ref=LAM_1:20!15|MId=o250010200151|Strong=7921|Frame=A0:250010200161;|Type=qatal|SpaceAfter=No 22 חֶ֖רֶב חֶרֶב NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 21 nsubj _ Gloss=a.sword|Ref=LAM_1:20!16|MId=o250010200161|Strong=2719 23-25 בַּבַּ֥יִת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 בַּ בְּ ADP _ _ 25 case _ Gloss=[is].in|Ref=LAM_1:20!17|MId=o250010200171|Strong=0871a 24 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 25 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=LAM_1:20!17|MId=o250010200171ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 25 בַּ֥יִת בַּיִת NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 28 obl _ Gloss=house|Ref=LAM_1:20!17|MId=o250010200172|Strong=1004 26-28 כַּמָּֽוֶת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 כַּ כְּ ADP _ _ 28 case _ Gloss=like|Ref=LAM_1:20!18|MId=o250010200181|Strong=3509a 27 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 28 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=LAM_1:20!18|MId=o250010200181ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 28 מָּֽוֶת מָוֶת NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 1 parataxis _ Gloss=death|Ref=LAM_1:20!18|MId=o250010200182|Strong=4194 29 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 28 punct _ Ref=LAM_1:20!18|SpaceAfter=No 30 ס ס PUNCT _ _ 28 punct _ Ref=LAM_1:20!18 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: command - act: request - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | רְאֵה *see* | imperative · qal | יְהוָה *O Yahweh* | | | | | חֳמַרְמָרוּ *they are in turmoil* | qatal · pealal | מֵע *parts* | | | | | נֶהְפַּךְ *it has been overturned* | qatal · niphal | | לִבּ *heart* | | | | מָרִיתִי *I have been rebellious* | qatal · qal | | | | | | שִׁכְּלָה־ *it has bereaved* | qatal · piel | חֶרֶב *a sword* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## The Targum {#onkelos} חֲזֵי אֲרוּם אָעִיק לִי בְּגִין כֵּן מֵעַי אִיתְגָרוּ אִיתְהַפַּךְ לְבָבִי בְּגַוִי אֲרוּם מֶעְבַּר עֲבָרִית עַל גְזֵירַת מֵימְרָא דַייָ וּמִן בִּגְלַל הָכִי מִן בָּרָא תִּכְלֵי חַרְבָּא וּמִלְגָיו חַרְגַת כַּפְנָא כְּמַלְאָכָא מְחַבָּלָא דִי מְמַנָא עַל מוֹתָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Behold, O LORD, for I am in distress, mine inwards burn; my heart is turned within me, for I have grievously rebelled.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.22/) 2. [Abroad the sword bereaveth, at home there is the like of death.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.23/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:LAM:19`. - ← previous: [Lamentations 1:19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.1.19/) - next →: [Lamentations 1:21](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.1.21/) - ↑ back to [Lamentations 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/1/)