--- title: Lamentations 1:3 — Judah is gone into exile because of affliction, and because of great… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: Judah is gone into exile because of affliction, and because of great servitude; she dwelleth among the nations, she findeth no rest; all her pursuers overtook her within the straits. Who acts: Judah, pursuers. Lamentations 1:3 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, the Targum, JPS 1917 and the pragmati --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.1.3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Ketuvim](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/) / [Lamentations](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/) / [chapter 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/1/) / 1:3 # Lamentations 1:3 אֵיכָה **Who acts:** Judah, pursuers · **What happens:** go, dwell, find, overtake · **To what, where:** Judah, exile, nations, rest, city This is Lamentations 1:3 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Judah, pursuers — and what happens in the verse to Judah, exile, nations, rest, city, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 5 chapters of Lamentations on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. גָּֽלְתָ֨ה יְהוּדָ֤ה מֵעֹ֙נִי֙ וּמֵרֹ֣ב עֲבֹדָ֔ה הִ֚יא יָשְׁבָ֣ה בַגּוֹיִ֔ם לֹ֥א מָצְאָ֖ה מָנ֑וֹחַ כָּל־רֹדְפֶ֥יהָ הִשִּׂיג֖וּהָ בֵּ֥ין הַמְּצָרִֽים׃ס [Judah is gone into exile because of affliction, and because of great servitude; she dwelleth among the nations, she findeth no rest; all her pursuers overtook her within the straits.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.4/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:LAM:2 # text = גָּֽלְתָ֨ה יְהוּדָ֤ה מֵעֹ֙נִי֙ וּמֵרֹ֣ב עֲבֹדָ֔ה הִ֚יא יָשְׁבָ֣ה בַגּוֹיִ֔ם לֹ֥א מָצְאָ֖ה מָנ֑וֹחַ כָּל־רֹדְפֶ֥יהָ הִשִּׂיג֖וּהָ בֵּ֥ין הַמְּצָרִֽים׃ס # verse = LAM.1.3 1 גָּֽלְתָ֨ה גָּלָה VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=it.has.gone.into.exile|Ref=LAM_1:3!1|MId=o250010030011|Strong=1540|Frame=A0:250010030021;|Type=qatal 2 יְהוּדָ֤ה יְהוּדָה PROPN _ _ 1 nsubj _ Gloss=Judah|Ref=LAM_1:3!2|MId=o250010030021|Strong=3063 3-4 מֵעֹ֙נִי֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 מֵ מִן ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=LAM_1:3!3|MId=o250010030031|Strong=4480 4 עֹ֙נִי֙ עֳנִי NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 1 obl _ Gloss=affliction|Ref=LAM_1:3!3|MId=o250010030032|Strong=6040 5-7 וּמֵרֹ֣ב _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 7 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=LAM_1:3!4|MId=o250010030041|Strong=2050b 6 מֵ מִן ADP _ _ 7 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=LAM_1:3!4|MId=o250010030042|Strong=4480 7 רֹ֣ב רֹב NOUN _ Number=Sing 4 conj _ Gloss=an.abundance|Ref=LAM_1:3!4|MId=o250010030043|Strong=7230 8 עֲבֹדָ֔ה עֲבֹדָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 7 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.servitude|Ref=LAM_1:3!5|MId=o250010030051|Strong=5656 9 הִ֚יא הִיא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 10 nsubj _ Gloss=it|Ref=LAM_1:3!6|MId=o250010030061|Strong=1931a|Type=personal 10 יָשְׁבָ֣ה יָשַׁב VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 1 parataxis _ Gloss=it.dwells|Ref=LAM_1:3!7|MId=o250010030071|Strong=3427|Frame=A0:250010030061;|Type=qatal 11-13 בַגּוֹיִ֔ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 בַ בְּ ADP _ _ 13 case _ Gloss=among|Ref=LAM_1:3!8|MId=o250010030081|Strong=0871a 12 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 13 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=LAM_1:3!8|MId=o250010030081ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 13 גּוֹיִ֔ם גּוֹי NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 10 obl _ Gloss=nations|Ref=LAM_1:3!8|MId=o250010030082|Strong=1471 14 לֹ֥א לֹא ADV _ _ 15 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=LAM_1:3!9|MId=o250010030091|Strong=3808|Type=negative 15 מָצְאָ֖ה מָצָא VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 1 parataxis _ Gloss=it.has.found|Ref=LAM_1:3!10|MId=o250010030101|Strong=4672|Frame=A0:250010030021;A1:250010030111;|Type=qatal 16 מָנ֑וֹחַ מָנוֹחַ NOUN _ Number=Sing 15 obj _ Gloss=a.resting.place|Ref=LAM_1:3!11|MId=o250010030111|Strong=4494 17 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 20 nsubj _ Gloss=all|Ref=LAM_1:3!12|MId=o250010030121|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 18-19 רֹדְפֶ֥יהָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 רֹדְפֶ֥י רָדַף VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 17 compound:smixut _ Gloss=[those|Ref=LAM_1:3!13|MId=o250010030131|Strong=7291|Frame=A1:250010030132;|Type=participle_active 19 הָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 18 nmod:poss _ Gloss=who].pursue.it|Ref=LAM_1:3!13|MId=o250010030132|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 20-21 הִשִּׂיג֖וּהָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 הִשִּׂיג֖וּ נָשַׂג VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Plur|Person=3 1 parataxis _ Gloss=they|Ref=LAM_1:3!14|MId=o250010030141|Strong=5381|Frame=AA:250010030131;A0:250010030142;|Type=qatal 21 הָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 20 obj _ Gloss=have.overtaken.it|Ref=LAM_1:3!14|MId=o250010030142|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 22 בֵּ֥ין בֵּין ADP _ _ 24 case _ Gloss=between|Ref=LAM_1:3!15|MId=o250010030151|Strong=0996 23-24 הַמְּצָרִֽים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 24 det _ Gloss=the.narrow|Ref=LAM_1:3!16|MId=o250010030161|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 24 מְּצָרִֽים מֵצַר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 20 obl _ Gloss=places|Ref=LAM_1:3!16|MId=o250010030162|Strong=4712 25 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 24 punct _ Ref=LAM_1:3!16|SpaceAfter=No 26 ס ס PUNCT _ _ 24 punct _ Ref=LAM_1:3!16 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | גָּֽלְתָה *it has gone into exile* | qatal · qal | יְהוּדָה *Judah* | | | | | יָשְׁבָה *it dwells* | qatal · qal | הִיא *it* | | | | | **not** מָצְאָה *it has found* | qatal · qal | יְהוּדָה *Judah* | מָנוֹחַ *a resting place* | | | | רֹדְפֶי *\[those* | participle active · qal | | הָ *who\] pursue it* | | | | הִשִּׂיגוּ *they* | qatal · hiphil | הָ *have overtaken it* | | | רֹדְפֶי *\[those* | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## The Targum {#onkelos} אִיזִילוּ בֵּית יְהוּדָה בְּגָלוּתָא עַל דַהֲווֹ מְעַנִּין יַתְמִין וְאַרְמְלָן וְעַל סְגִיאוּת פּוּלְחָנָא דַהֲווֹ מְפַלְחִין בַּאֲחוּהוֹן בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל דְאִזְדַבְּנוּ לְהוֹן וְלָא קָרוּ חֵירוּתָה לְעַבְדֵיהוֹן וְאַמְהַתהוֹן דַהֲווֹ מִזַּרְעֲיַת יִשְׂרָאֵל וּבְגִין כֵּן אַף אִנּוּן אִתְמְסָרוּ בְּיַד עַמְמַיָּא וּכְנִשְׁתָּא דְבֵית יְהוּדָה יָתְבָא בְּגוֹ עַמְמַיָּא וְלָא אַשְׁכָּחוּ נְיָחָא מִפּוּלְחָנָא קַשְׁיָא דְשַׁעְבִּידוּ יָתָה וְכָל דַהֲוָה רָדִיף יָתָהּ אַדְבִּיקוּ יָתָהּ כַּד הִיא מִתְחַבְּאָה בֵּין תְּחוּמַיָּא וְאָעִיקוּ לָהּ: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Judah is gone into exile because of affliction, and because of great servitude; she dwelleth among the nations, she findeth no rest; all her pursuers overtook her within the straits.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.4/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:LAM:2`. - ← previous: [Lamentations 1:2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.1.2/) - next →: [Lamentations 1:4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.1.4/) - ↑ back to [Lamentations 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/1/)