--- title: Lamentations 1:4 — The ways of Zion do mourn, because none come to the solemn assembly;… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: The ways of Zion do mourn, because none come to the solemn assembly; all her gates are desolate, her priests sigh; her virgins are afflicted, and she herself is in bitterness. Who acts: ways, none, gates, priests. Lamentations 1:4 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, the Targum, JPS 1917 and the prag --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.1.4/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Ketuvim](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/) / [Lamentations](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/) / [chapter 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/1/) / 1:4 # Lamentations 1:4 אֵיכָה **Who acts:** ways, none, gates, priests, city · **What happens:** mourn, come, be, sigh, afflict · **To what, where:** solemn assembly, virgins, bitterness This is Lamentations 1:4 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — ways, none, gates, priests, city — and what happens in the verse to solemn assembly, virgins, bitterness, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 5 chapters of Lamentations on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. דַּרְכֵ֨י צִיּ֜וֹן אֲבֵל֗וֹת מִבְּלִי֙ בָּאֵ֣י מוֹעֵ֔ד כָּל־שְׁעָרֶ֙יהָ֙ שֽׁוֹמֵמִ֔ין כֹּהֲנֶ֖יהָ נֶאֱנָחִ֑ים בְּתוּלֹתֶ֥יהָ נּוּג֖וֹתוְהִ֥יא מַר־לָֽהּ׃ס [The ways of Zion do mourn, because none come to the solemn assembly; all her gates are desolate, her priests sigh; her virgins are afflicted, and she herself is in bitterness.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.5/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:LAM:3 # text = דַּרְכֵ֨י צִיּ֜וֹן אֲבֵל֗וֹת מִבְּלִי֙ בָּאֵ֣י מוֹעֵ֔ד כָּל־שְׁעָרֶ֙יהָ֙ שֽׁוֹמֵמִ֔ין כֹּהֲנֶ֖יהָ נֶאֱנָחִ֑ים בְּתוּלֹתֶ֥יהָ נּוּג֖וֹתוְהִ֥יא מַר־לָֽהּ׃ס # verse = LAM.1.4 1 דַּרְכֵ֨י דֶּרֶךְ NOUN _ Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ Gloss=the.roads|Ref=LAM_1:4!1|MId=o250010040011|Strong=1870 2 צִיּ֜וֹן צִיּוֹן PROPN _ _ 1 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Zion|Ref=LAM_1:4!2|MId=o250010040021|Strong=6726 3 אֲבֵל֗וֹת אָבֵל ADJ _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 0 root _ Gloss=[are].mourning|Ref=LAM_1:4!3|MId=o250010040031|Strong=0057|Type=adjective 4-5 מִבְּלִי֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 5 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=LAM_1:4!4|MId=o250010040041|Strong=4480 5 בְּלִי֙ בְּלִי ADV _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 obl _ Gloss=not|Ref=LAM_1:4!4|MId=o250010040042|Strong=1097 6 בָּאֵ֣י בּוֹא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 5 nsubj _ Gloss=[those.who].come|Ref=LAM_1:4!5|MId=o250010040051|Strong=0935|Type=participle_active 7 מוֹעֵ֔ד מוֹעֵד NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 compound:smixut _ Gloss=(of).an.appointed.feast|Ref=LAM_1:4!6|MId=o250010040061|Strong=4150 8 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 11 nsubj _ Gloss=all|Ref=LAM_1:4!7|MId=o250010040071|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 9-10 שְׁעָרֶ֙יהָ֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 שְׁעָרֶ֙י שַׁעַר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 8 compound:smixut _ Gloss=gates|Ref=LAM_1:4!8|MId=o250010040081|Strong=8179 10 הָ֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 9 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=LAM_1:4!8|MId=o250010040082|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 11 שֽׁוֹמֵמִ֔ין שָׁמֵם VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 3 parataxis _ Gloss=[are].desolate|Ref=LAM_1:4!9|MId=o250010040091|Strong=8074|Frame=A0:250010040081;|Type=participle_active 12-13 כֹּהֲנֶ֖יהָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 כֹּהֲנֶ֖י כֹּהֵן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 14 nsubj _ Gloss=priests|Ref=LAM_1:4!10|MId=o250010040101|Strong=3548 13 הָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 12 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=LAM_1:4!10|MId=o250010040102|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 14 נֶאֱנָחִ֑ים אָנַח VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Plur 3 parataxis _ Gloss=[are].groaning|Ref=LAM_1:4!11|MId=o250010040111|Strong=0584|Frame=A0:250010040101;|Type=participle_passive 15-16 בְּתוּלֹתֶ֥יהָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 בְּתוּלֹתֶ֥י בְּתוּלָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 17 nsubj _ Gloss=virgins|Ref=LAM_1:4!12|MId=o250010040121|Strong=1330 16 הָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 15 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=LAM_1:4!12|MId=o250010040122|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 17-19 נּוּג֖וֹתוְהִ֥יא _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 נּוּג֖וֹת יָגָה VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Plur 3 parataxis _ Gloss=[are].grieved|Ref=LAM_1:4!13|MId=o250010040131|Strong=3013|Frame=A0:250010040121;|Type=participle_passive 18 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 20 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=LAM_1:4!14|MId=o250010040141|Strong=2050b 19 הִ֥יא הִיא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 20 nsubj _ Gloss=it|Ref=LAM_1:4!14|MId=o250010040142|Strong=1931a|Type=personal 20 מַר־ מרר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 3 conj _ Gloss=it.is.bitter|Ref=LAM_1:4!15|MId=o250010040151|Strong=4843|Frame=A0:250010040142;|Type=qatal|SpaceAfter=No 21-22 לָֽהּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 ל לְ ADP _ _ 22 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=LAM_1:4!16|MId=o250010040161|Strong=3807a 22 ָֽהּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 20 obl _ Gloss=it|Ref=LAM_1:4!16|MId=o250010040162|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 23 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 22 punct _ Ref=LAM_1:4!16|SpaceAfter=No 24 ס ס PUNCT _ _ 22 punct _ Ref=LAM_1:4!16 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | שֽׁוֹמֵמִין *\[are\] desolate* | participle active · qal | שְׁעָרֶי *gates* | | | | | נֶאֱנָחִים *\[are\] groaning* | participle passive · niphal | כֹּהֲנֶי *priests* | | | | | נּוּגוֹת *\[are\] grieved* | participle passive · niphal | בְּתוּלֹתֶי *virgins* | | | | | מַר־ *it is bitter* | qatal · qal | הִיא *it* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## The Targum {#onkelos} כָּל זְמַן דַהֲוָה יְרוּשְׁלֵם מִתְבַּנְיָא סְרִיבוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמִיסַק לִירוּשְׁלֵם לְאִתְחֲזָאָה קֳדָם יְיָ תְּלַת זִמְנִין בְּשַׁתָּא וְעַל חוֹבֵיהוֹן דְיִשְׂרָאֵל אִיצְטְדִיאַת יְרוּשְׁלֵם וְאִתְעֲבִידוּ שְׁבִילֵי צִיּוֹן אֲבֵילָן מִדְלֵית עָאֵיל בָּהּ בִּזְמַן מוֹעֲדַיָּא כָל תַּרְעָהָא צַדְיָין וְכַהֲנָהָא אָנְחִין עַל דִּי בְטִילוּ קוּרְבְּנַיָּא בְּתוּלְתָהָא סַפְדָן עַל דִּי פָּסְקוּ לְמֵיפַּק בְחַמְשָׁא עֲשַׂר יוֹמִין בְּאָב וּבְיוֹמָא דְכִפּוּרַיָּא דִּי הוּא בְעַסְרָא יוֹמִין בְּתִשְׁרֵי לְחִינְגָא בְּחִינוּגִין אַף אִיהִי מְרִיר לִבָּא לַחֲדָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [The ways of Zion do mourn, because none come to the solemn assembly; all her gates are desolate, her priests sigh; her virgins are afflicted, and she herself is in bitterness.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.5/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:LAM:3`. - ← previous: [Lamentations 1:3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.1.3/) - next →: [Lamentations 1:5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.1.5/) - ↑ back to [Lamentations 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/1/)