--- title: Lamentations 2:10 — They sit upon the ground, and keep silence, the elders of the daught… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: They sit upon the ground, and keep silence, the elders of the daughter of Zion; they have cast up dust upon their heads, they have girded themselves with sackcloth; the virgins of Jerusalem hang down their heads to the ground. Who acts: prophets, virgins. Lamentations 2:10 in Hebrew with its depende --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.2.10/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Ketuvim](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/) / [Lamentations](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/) / [chapter 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/2/) / 2:10 # Lamentations 2:10 אֵיכָה **Who acts:** prophets, virgins · **What happens:** sit, keep, cast up, gird, hang down · **To what, where:** ground, silence, dust, heads, prophets This is Lamentations 2:10 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — prophets, virgins — and what happens in the verse to ground, silence, dust, heads, prophets, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 5 chapters of Lamentations on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. יֵשְׁב֨וּ לָאָ֤רֶץ יִדְּמוּ֙ זִקְנֵ֣י בַת־צִיּ֔וֹן הֶֽעֱל֤וּ עָפָר֙ עַל־רֹאשָׁ֔ם חָגְר֖וּ שַׂקִּ֑ים הוֹרִ֤ידוּ לָאָ֙רֶץ֙ רֹאשָׁ֔ן בְּתוּלֹ֖ת יְרוּשָׁלִָֽם׃ס [They sit upon the ground, and keep silence, the elders of the daughter of Zion; they have cast up dust upon their heads, they have girded themselves with sackcloth; the virgins of Jerusalem hang down their heads to the ground.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.36/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:LAM:31 # text = יֵשְׁב֨וּ לָאָ֤רֶץ יִדְּמוּ֙ זִקְנֵ֣י בַת־צִיּ֔וֹן הֶֽעֱל֤וּ עָפָר֙ עַל־רֹאשָׁ֔ם חָגְר֖וּ שַׂקִּ֑ים הוֹרִ֤ידוּ לָאָ֙רֶץ֙ רֹאשָׁ֔ן בְּתוּלֹ֖ת יְרוּשָׁלִָֽם׃ס # verse = LAM.2.10 1 יֵשְׁב֨וּ יָשַׁב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=they.sit|Ref=LAM_2:10!1|MId=o250020100011|Strong=3427|Frame=A0:250020100041;|Type=yiqtol 2-4 לָאָ֤רֶץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 לָ לְ ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=LAM_2:10!2|MId=o250020100021|Strong=3807a 3 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 4 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=LAM_2:10!2|MId=o250020100021ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 4 אָ֤רֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 1 obl _ Gloss=ground|Ref=LAM_2:10!2|MId=o250020100022|Strong=0776 5 יִדְּמוּ֙ דָּמַם VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 1 parataxis _ Gloss=they.are.silent|Ref=LAM_2:10!3|MId=o250020100031|Strong=1826|Frame=A0:250020100041;|Type=yiqtol 6 זִקְנֵ֣י זָקֵן ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 5 nsubj _ Gloss=the.elders|Ref=LAM_2:10!4|MId=o250020100041|Strong=2205|Type=adjective 7 בַת־ בַּת NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 6 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.the.daughter|Ref=LAM_2:10!5|MId=o250020100051|Strong=1323|SpaceAfter=No 8 צִיּ֔וֹן צִיּוֹן PROPN _ _ 7 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Zion|Ref=LAM_2:10!6|MId=o250020100061|Strong=6726 9 הֶֽעֱל֤וּ עָלָה VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Plur|Person=3 1 parataxis _ Gloss=they.have.caused.to.rise|Ref=LAM_2:10!7|MId=o250020100071|Strong=5927|Frame=AA:250020100041;A0:250020100081;|Type=qatal 10 עָפָר֙ עָפָר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 9 obj _ Gloss=dust|Ref=LAM_2:10!8|MId=o250020100081|Strong=6083 11 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 12 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=LAM_2:10!9|MId=o250020100091|Strong=5921|SpaceAfter=No 12-13 רֹאשָׁ֔ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 רֹאשׁ רֹאשׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 9 obl _ Gloss=head|Ref=LAM_2:10!10|MId=o250020100101|Strong=7218 13 ָ֔ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 12 nmod:poss _ Gloss=their|Ref=LAM_2:10!10|MId=o250020100102|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 14 חָגְר֖וּ חָגַר VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 1 parataxis _ Gloss=they.have.girded.on|Ref=LAM_2:10!11|MId=o250020100111|Strong=2296|Frame=A0:250020100041;A1:250020100121;|Type=qatal 15 שַׂקִּ֑ים שַׂק NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 14 obj _ Gloss=sackcloth(s)|Ref=LAM_2:10!12|MId=o250020100121|Strong=8242 16 הוֹרִ֤ידוּ יָרַד VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Plur|Person=3 1 parataxis _ Gloss=they.have.brought.down|Ref=LAM_2:10!13|MId=o250020100131|Strong=3381|Frame=A0:250020100151;AA:250020100161;|Type=qatal 17-19 לָאָ֙רֶץ֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 לָ לְ ADP _ _ 19 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=LAM_2:10!14|MId=o250020100141|Strong=3807a 18 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 19 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=LAM_2:10!14|MId=o250020100141ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 19 אָ֙רֶץ֙ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 16 obl _ Gloss=ground|Ref=LAM_2:10!14|MId=o250020100142|Strong=0776 20-21 רֹאשָׁ֔ן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 רֹאשׁ רֹאשׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 16 obj _ Gloss=head|Ref=LAM_2:10!15|MId=o250020100151|Strong=7218 21 ָ֔ן הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 20 nmod:poss _ Gloss=their|Ref=LAM_2:10!15|MId=o250020100152|Strong=4993c|Type=pronominal 22 בְּתוּלֹ֖ת בְּתוּלָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 16 nsubj _ Gloss=the.virgins|Ref=LAM_2:10!16|MId=o250020100161|Strong=1330 23 יְרוּשָׁלִָֽם יְרוּשָׁלִַ͏ם PROPN _ _ 22 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Jerusalem|Ref=LAM_2:10!17|MId=o250020100171|Strong=3389|SpaceAfter=No 24 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 23 punct _ Ref=LAM_2:10!17|SpaceAfter=No 25 ס ס PUNCT _ _ 23 punct _ Ref=LAM_2:10!17 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יֵשְׁבוּ *they sit* | yiqtol · qal | זִקְנֵי *the elders* | | | | | יִדְּמוּ *they are silent* | yiqtol · qal | זִקְנֵי *the elders* | | | | | הֶֽעֱלוּ *they have caused to rise* | qatal · hiphil | עָפָר *dust* | | | זִקְנֵי *the elders* | | חָגְרוּ *they have girded on* | qatal · qal | זִקְנֵי *the elders* | שַׂקִּים *sackcloth(s)* | | | | הוֹרִידוּ *they have brought down* | qatal · hiphil | רֹאשׁ *head* | | | בְּתוּלֹת *the virgins* | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## The Targum {#onkelos} יַתְבִין עַל אַרְעָא שָׁתְקִין סָבֵי כְנִשְׁתָּא דְצִיּוֹן אֲסִיקוּ עֲפַר מַקְלָה עַל רֵישֵׁיהוֹן קְמַרוּ סַקִּין עַל בִּסְרְהוֹן אָחִיתוּ לְעַפְרָא דְאַרְעָא רֵישֵׁיהוֹן בְּתוּלְתַּיָא דִירוּשְׁלֵם: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [They sit upon the ground, and keep silence, the elders of the daughter of Zion; they have cast up dust upon their heads, they have girded themselves with sackcloth; the virgins of Jerusalem hang down their heads to the ground.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.36/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:LAM:31`. - ← previous: [Lamentations 2:9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.2.9/) - next →: [Lamentations 2:11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.2.11/) - ↑ back to [Lamentations 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/2/)