--- title: Lamentations 2:2 — The Lord hath swallowed up unsparingly all the habitations of Jacob;… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: The Lord hath swallowed up unsparingly all the habitations of Jacob; He hath thrown down in His wrath the strongholds of the daughter of Judah; He hath brought them down to the ground; He hath profaned the kingdom and the princes thereof. Who acts: Lord. Lamentations 2:2 in Hebrew with its dependenc --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.2.2/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Ketuvim](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/) / [Lamentations](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/) / [chapter 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/2/) / 2:2 # Lamentations 2:2 אֵיכָה **Who acts:** Lord · **What happens:** swallow up, throw down, bring down, profane · **To what, where:** habitations, strongholds, wrath, ground, kingdom This is Lamentations 2:2 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Lord — and what happens in the verse to habitations, strongholds, wrath, ground, kingdom, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 5 chapters of Lamentations on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. בִּלַּ֨ע אֲדֹנָ֜י וְלֹ֣א חָמַ֗ל אֵ֚ת כָּל־נְא֣וֹת יַעֲקֹ֔ב הָרַ֧ס בְּעֶבְרָת֛וֹ מִבְצְרֵ֥י בַת־יְהוּדָ֖ה הִגִּ֣יעַ לָאָ֑רֶץ חִלֵּ֥ל מַמְלָכָ֖ה וְשָׂרֶֽיהָ׃ס [The Lord hath swallowed up unsparingly all the habitations of Jacob; He hath thrown down in His wrath the strongholds of the daughter of Judah; He hath brought them down to the ground; He hath profaned the kingdom and the princes thereof.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.28/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:LAM:23 # text = בִּלַּ֨ע אֲדֹנָ֜י וְלֹ֣א חָמַ֗ל אֵ֚ת כָּל־נְא֣וֹת יַעֲקֹ֔ב הָרַ֧ס בְּעֶבְרָת֛וֹ מִבְצְרֵ֥י בַת־יְהוּדָ֖ה הִגִּ֣יעַ לָאָ֑רֶץ חִלֵּ֥ל מַמְלָכָ֖ה וְשָׂרֶֽיהָ׃ס # verse = LAM.2.2 1 בִּלַּ֨ע בָּלַע VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.has.swallowed.up|Ref=LAM_2:2!1|MId=o250020020011|Strong=1104|Frame=A0:250020020021;A1:250020020081;|Type=qatal 2-3 אֲדֹנָ֜י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 אֲדֹנ אֲדֹנָי NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 1 nsubj _ Gloss=Lord|Ref=LAM_2:2!2|MId=o250020020021|Strong=0136 3 ָ֜י הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 2 nmod:poss _ Gloss=[the]|Ref=LAM_2:2!2|MId=o250020020022|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 4-5 וְלֹ֣א _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 6 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=LAM_2:2!4|MId=o250020020041|Strong=2050b 5 לֹ֣א לֹא ADV _ _ 6 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=LAM_2:2!4|MId=o250020020042|Strong=3808|Type=negative 6 חָמַ֗ל חָמַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 1 conj _ Gloss=he.has.spared|Ref=LAM_2:2!5|MId=o250020020051|Strong=2550|Frame=A0:250020020021;A1:250020020081;|Type=qatal 7 אֵ֚ת אֵת ADP _ _ 8 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=LAM_2:2!6|MId=o250020020061|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 8 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 obj _ Gloss=all|Ref=LAM_2:2!7|MId=o250020020071|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 9 נְא֣וֹת נָוָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 8 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.settlements|Ref=LAM_2:2!8|MId=o250020020081|Strong=5116 10 יַעֲקֹ֔ב יַעֲקֹב PROPN _ _ 9 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Jacob|Ref=LAM_2:2!9|MId=o250020020091|Strong=3290 11 הָרַ֧ס הָרַס VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 1 parataxis _ Gloss=he.has.torn.down|Ref=LAM_2:2!10|MId=o250020020101|Strong=2040|Frame=A0:250020020021;A1:250020020121;|Type=qatal 12-14 בְּעֶבְרָת֛וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 13 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=LAM_2:2!11|MId=o250020020111|Strong=0871a 13 עֶבְרָת עֶבְרָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 11 obl _ Gloss=wrath|Ref=LAM_2:2!11|MId=o250020020112|Strong=5678 14 ֛וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 13 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=LAM_2:2!11|MId=o250020020113|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 15 מִבְצְרֵ֥י מִבְצָר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 11 obj _ Gloss=the.fortifications|Ref=LAM_2:2!12|MId=o250020020121|Strong=4013 16 בַת־ בַּת NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 15 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.the.daughter|Ref=LAM_2:2!13|MId=o250020020131|Strong=1323|SpaceAfter=No 17 יְהוּדָ֖ה יְהוּדָה PROPN _ _ 16 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Judah|Ref=LAM_2:2!14|MId=o250020020141|Strong=3063 18 הִגִּ֣יעַ נָגַע VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 1 parataxis _ Gloss=he.has.made.[them].touch|Ref=LAM_2:2!15|MId=o250020020151|Strong=5060|Frame=AA:250020020021;A0:250020020121;|Type=qatal 19-21 לָאָ֑רֶץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 לָ לְ ADP _ _ 21 case _ Gloss=(to)|Ref=LAM_2:2!16|MId=o250020020161|Strong=3807a 20 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 21 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=LAM_2:2!16|MId=o250020020161ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 21 אָ֑רֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 18 obl _ Gloss=ground|Ref=LAM_2:2!16|MId=o250020020162|Strong=0776 22 חִלֵּ֥ל חָלַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing|Person=3 1 parataxis _ Gloss=he.has.profaned|Ref=LAM_2:2!17|MId=o250020020171|Strong=2490|Frame=A0:250020020021;A1:250020020181;250020020192;|Type=qatal 23 מַמְלָכָ֖ה מַמְלָכָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 22 obj _ Gloss=[the].kingdom|Ref=LAM_2:2!18|MId=o250020020181|Strong=4467 24-26 וְשָׂרֶֽיהָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 25 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=LAM_2:2!19|MId=o250020020191|Strong=2050b 25 שָׂרֶֽי שַׂר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 23 conj _ Gloss=princes|Ref=LAM_2:2!19|MId=o250020020192|Strong=8269 26 הָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 25 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=LAM_2:2!19|MId=o250020020193|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 27 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 26 punct _ Ref=LAM_2:2!19|SpaceAfter=No 28 ס ס PUNCT _ _ 26 punct _ Ref=LAM_2:2!19 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | בִּלַּע *he has swallowed up* | qatal · piel | אֲדֹנ *Lord* | נְאוֹת *the settlements* | | | | **not** חָמַל *he has spared* | qatal · qal | אֲדֹנ *Lord* | נְאוֹת *the settlements* | | | | הָרַס *he has torn down* | qatal · qal | אֲדֹנ *Lord* | מִבְצְרֵי *the fortifications* | | | | הִגִּיעַ *he has made \[them\] touch* | qatal · hiphil | מִבְצְרֵי *the fortifications* | | | אֲדֹנ *Lord* | | חִלֵּל *he has profaned* | qatal · piel | אֲדֹנ *Lord* | מַמְלָכָה *\[the\] kingdom* + שָׂרֶֽי *princes* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## The Targum {#onkelos} שֵׁיצֵי יְיָ וְלָא חָס יָת כָּל עִידִית יַעֲקֹב פַּגֵּר בְּרוּגְזֵיהּ כְּרַכֵּי כְנִשְׁתָּא דְבֵית יְהוּדָה אַמְטֵי לְאַרְעָא אַפֵּיס מַלְכוּתָהָא וְרַבְרְבָנָהָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [The Lord hath swallowed up unsparingly all the habitations of Jacob; He hath thrown down in His wrath the strongholds of the daughter of Judah; He hath brought them down to the ground; He hath profaned the kingdom and the princes thereof.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.28/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:LAM:23`. - ← previous: [Lamentations 2:1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.2.1/) - next →: [Lamentations 2:3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.2.3/) - ↑ back to [Lamentations 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/2/)