--- title: Lamentations 2:21 — The youth and the old man lie on the ground in the streets; my virgi… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: The youth and the old man lie on the ground in the streets; my virgins and my young men are fallen by the sword; Thou hast slain them in the day of Thine anger; Thou hast slaughtered unsparingly. Who acts: youth, sword, Thou, Thine. Lamentations 2:21 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, the Targum, J --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.2.21/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Ketuvim](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/) / [Lamentations](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/) / [chapter 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/2/) / 2:21 # Lamentations 2:21 אֵיכָה **Who acts:** youth, sword, Thou, Thine · **What happens:** lie, fall, slay, slaughter, anger · **To what, where:** ground, virgins This is Lamentations 2:21 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — youth, sword, Thou, Thine — and what happens in the verse to ground, virgins, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 5 chapters of Lamentations on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. שָׁכְב֨וּ לָאָ֤רֶץ חוּצוֹת֙ נַ֣עַר וְזָקֵ֔ן בְּתוּלֹתַ֥י וּבַחוּרַ֖י נָפְל֣וּ בֶחָ֑רֶב הָרַ֙גְתָּ֙ בְּי֣וֹם אַפֶּ֔ךָ טָבַ֖חְתָּ לֹ֥א חָמָֽלְתָּ׃ס [The youth and the old man lie on the ground in the streets; my virgins and my young men are fallen by the sword; Thou hast slain them in the day of Thine anger; Thou hast slaughtered unsparingly.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.52/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:LAM:42 # text = שָׁכְב֨וּ לָאָ֤רֶץ חוּצוֹת֙ נַ֣עַר וְזָקֵ֔ן בְּתוּלֹתַ֥י וּבַחוּרַ֖י נָפְל֣וּ בֶחָ֑רֶב הָרַ֙גְתָּ֙ בְּי֣וֹם אַפֶּ֔ךָ טָבַ֖חְתָּ לֹ֥א חָמָֽלְתָּ׃ס # verse = LAM.2.21 1 שָׁכְב֨וּ שָׁכַב VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=they.have.lain.down|Ref=LAM_2:21!1|MId=o250020210011|Strong=7901|Frame=A0:250020210041;250020210052;|Type=qatal 2-4 לָאָ֤רֶץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 לָ לְ ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=LAM_2:21!2|MId=o250020210021|Strong=3807a 3 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 4 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=LAM_2:21!2|MId=o250020210021ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 4 אָ֤רֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 1 obl _ Gloss=ground|Ref=LAM_2:21!2|MId=o250020210022|Strong=0776 5 חוּצוֹת֙ חוּץ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 1 obl _ Gloss=streets|Ref=LAM_2:21!3|MId=o250020210031|Strong=2351 6 נַ֣עַר נַעַר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 1 nsubj _ Gloss=youth|Ref=LAM_2:21!4|MId=o250020210041|Strong=5288 7-8 וְזָקֵ֔ן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 8 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=LAM_2:21!5|MId=o250020210051|Strong=2050b 8 זָקֵ֔ן זָקֵן ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 conj _ Gloss=old.[person]|Ref=LAM_2:21!5|MId=o250020210052|Strong=2205|Type=adjective 9-10 בְּתוּלֹתַ֥י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 בְּתוּלֹת בְּתוּלָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 14 nsubj _ Gloss=women|Ref=LAM_2:21!6|MId=o250020210061|Strong=1330 10 ַ֥י הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 9 nmod:poss _ Gloss=my.young|Ref=LAM_2:21!6|MId=o250020210062|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 11-13 וּבַחוּרַ֖י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 12 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=LAM_2:21!7|MId=o250020210071|Strong=2050b 12 בַחוּר בָּחוּר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 9 conj _ Gloss=my.young|Ref=LAM_2:21!7|MId=o250020210072|Strong=0970 13 ַ֖י הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 12 nmod:poss _ Gloss=men|Ref=LAM_2:21!7|MId=o250020210073|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 14 נָפְל֣וּ נָפַל VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 1 parataxis _ Gloss=they.have.fallen|Ref=LAM_2:21!8|MId=o250020210081|Strong=5307|Frame=A0:250020210061;250020210072;|Type=qatal 15-17 בֶחָ֑רֶב _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 בֶ בְּ ADP _ _ 17 case _ Gloss=by|Ref=LAM_2:21!9|MId=o250020210091|Strong=0871a 16 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 17 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=LAM_2:21!9|MId=o250020210091ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 17 חָ֑רֶב חֶרֶב NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 14 obl _ Gloss=sword|Ref=LAM_2:21!9|MId=o250020210092|Strong=2719 18 הָרַ֙גְתָּ֙ הָרַג VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 1 parataxis _ Gloss=you.have.killed|Ref=LAM_2:21!10|MId=o250020210101|Strong=2026|Frame=A0:250020200161;A1:250020210061;250020210072;|Type=qatal 19-20 בְּי֣וֹם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 20 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=LAM_2:21!11|MId=o250020210111|Strong=0871a 20 י֣וֹם יוֹם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 18 obl _ Gloss=the.day|Ref=LAM_2:21!11|MId=o250020210112|Strong=3117 21-22 אַפֶּ֔ךָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 אַפּ אַף NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 20 compound:smixut _ Gloss=your.anger|Ref=LAM_2:21!12|MId=o250020210121|Strong=0639 22 ֶ֔ךָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 21 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=LAM_2:21!12|MId=o250020210122|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 23 טָבַ֖חְתָּ טָבַח VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 1 parataxis _ Gloss=you.have.slaughtered|Ref=LAM_2:21!13|MId=o250020210131|Strong=2873|Frame=A0:250020200161;A1:250020210061;250020210072;|Type=qatal 24 לֹ֥א לֹא ADV _ _ 25 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=LAM_2:21!14|MId=o250020210141|Strong=3808|Type=negative 25 חָמָֽלְתָּ חָמַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 1 parataxis _ Gloss=you.have.spared|Ref=LAM_2:21!15|MId=o250020210151|Strong=2550|Frame=A0:250020200161;A1:250020210061;250020210072;|Type=qatal|SpaceAfter=No 26 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 25 punct _ Ref=LAM_2:21!15|SpaceAfter=No 27 ס ס PUNCT _ _ 25 punct _ Ref=LAM_2:21!15 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | שָׁכְבוּ *they have lain down* | qatal · qal | נַעַר *youth* + זָקֵן *old \[person\]* | | | | | נָפְלוּ *they have fallen* | qatal · qal | בְּתוּלֹת *women* + בַחוּר *my young* | | | | | הָרַגְתָּ *you have killed* | qatal · qal | | בְּתוּלֹת *women* + בַחוּר *my young* | | | | טָבַחְתָּ *you have slaughtered* | qatal · qal | | בְּתוּלֹת *women* + בַחוּר *my young* | | | | **not** חָמָֽלְתָּ *you have spared* | qatal · qal | | בְּתוּלֹת *women* + בַחוּר *my young* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## The Targum {#onkelos} דְמָכוּ עַל אַרְעָא בִּמְחוֹזִין עוּלֵימַיָּא וְסָבַיָּא דַהֲווּ רְגִילִין לְמִשְׁכּוֹב עַל כָּרִין דְמִילַת וְעַל עַרְסִין דְשֵׁן דְפִיל בְתוּלָתַי וְרוּבַי נְפַלּוּ קְטִילִין בְּחַרְבָּא קְטַלְתָּא בְיוֹם רוּגְזָךְ נְכִיסְתָּא וְלָא חַסְתָּא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [The youth and the old man lie on the ground in the streets; my virgins and my young men are fallen by the sword; Thou hast slain them in the day of Thine anger; Thou hast slaughtered unsparingly.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.52/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:LAM:42`. - ← previous: [Lamentations 2:20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.2.20/) - next →: [Lamentations 2:22](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.2.22/) - ↑ back to [Lamentations 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/2/)