--- title: Lamentations 4:12 — The kings of the earth believed not, neither all the inhabitants of… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: The kings of the earth believed not, neither all the inhabitants of the world, that the adversary and the enemy would enter into the gates of Jerusalem. Who acts: kings, adversary. Lamentations 4:12 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, the Targum, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.4.12/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Ketuvim](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/) / [Lamentations](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/) / [chapter 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/4/) / 4:12 # Lamentations 4:12 אֵיכָה **Who acts:** kings, adversary · **What happens:** not believe, enter · **To what, where:** gates · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Lamentations 4:12 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — kings, adversary — and what happens in the verse to gates, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 5 chapters of Lamentations on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. לֹ֤א הֶאֱמִ֙ינוּ֙ מַלְכֵי־אֶ֔רֶץ כֹּ֖ל יֹשְׁבֵ֣י תֵבֵ֑ל כִּ֤י יָבֹא֙ צַ֣ר וְאוֹיֵ֔ב בְּשַׁעֲרֵ֖י יְרוּשָׁלִָֽם׃ס [The kings of the earth believed not, neither all the inhabitants of the world, that the adversary and the enemy would enter into the gates of Jerusalem.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.133/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:LAM:121 # text = לֹ֤א הֶאֱמִ֙ינוּ֙ מַלְכֵי־אֶ֔רֶץ כֹּ֖ל יֹשְׁבֵ֣י תֵבֵ֑ל כִּ֤י יָבֹא֙ צַ֣ר וְאוֹיֵ֔ב בְּשַׁעֲרֵ֖י יְרוּשָׁלִָֽם׃ס # verse = LAM.4.12 1 לֹ֤א לֹא ADV _ _ 2 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=LAM_4:12!1|MId=o250040120011|Strong=3808|Type=negative 2 הֶאֱמִ֙ינוּ֙ אָמַן VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Plur|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=they.believed|Ref=LAM_4:12!2|MId=o250040120021|Strong=0539|Frame=AA:250040120031;250040120071;A0:250040120101;|Type=qatal 3 מַלְכֵי־ מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ Gloss=[the].kings|Ref=LAM_4:12!3|MId=o250040120031|Strong=4428|SpaceAfter=No 4 אֶ֔רֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 3 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.[the].earth|Ref=LAM_4:12!4|MId=o250040120041|Strong=0776 5 כֹּ֖ל כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 conj _ Gloss=all|Ref=LAM_4:12!6|MId=o250040120061|Strong=3605 6 יֹשְׁבֵ֣י יָשַׁב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 5 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.inhabitants|Ref=LAM_4:12!7|MId=o250040120071|Strong=3427|Type=participle_active 7 תֵבֵ֑ל תֵּבֵל NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 6 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.[the].world|Ref=LAM_4:12!8|MId=o250040120081|Strong=8398 8 כִּ֤י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 9 mark _ Gloss=(dm).that|Ref=LAM_4:12!9|MId=o250040120091|Strong=3588 9 יָבֹא֙ בּוֹא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 ccomp _ Gloss=he.will.go|Ref=LAM_4:12!10|MId=o250040120101|Strong=0935|Frame=A0:250040120111;250040120122;|Type=yiqtol 10 צַ֣ר צַר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 9 nsubj _ Gloss=foe|Ref=LAM_4:12!11|MId=o250040120111|Strong=6862a 11-12 וְאוֹיֵ֔ב _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 12 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=LAM_4:12!12|MId=o250040120121|Strong=2050b 12 אוֹיֵ֔ב אָיַב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 10 conj _ Gloss=enemy|Ref=LAM_4:12!12|MId=o250040120122|Strong=0341|Type=participle_active 13-14 בְּשַׁעֲרֵ֖י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 14 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=LAM_4:12!13|MId=o250040120131|Strong=0871a 14 שַׁעֲרֵ֖י שַׁעַר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 9 obl _ Gloss=the.gates|Ref=LAM_4:12!13|MId=o250040120132|Strong=8179 15 יְרוּשָׁלִָֽם יְרוּשָׁלִַ͏ם PROPN _ _ 14 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Jerusalem|Ref=LAM_4:12!14|MId=o250040120141|Strong=3389|SpaceAfter=No 16 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 15 punct _ Ref=LAM_4:12!14|SpaceAfter=No 17 ס ס PUNCT _ _ 15 punct _ Ref=LAM_4:12!14 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | **not** הֶאֱמִינוּ *they believed* | qatal · hiphil | יָבֹא *he will go* | | | מַלְכֵי־ *\[the\] kings* + יֹשְׁבֵי *the inhabitants* | | יָבֹא *he will go* | yiqtol · qal | צַר *foe* + אוֹיֵב *enemy* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## The Targum {#onkelos} לָא הֲווֹ מְהֵימְנִין מַלְכְּוַת אַרְעָא וְכָל דְיָירֵי תֵבֵל אֲרוּם יֵעוּל נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר רַשִּׁיעָא וּנְבוּזַרְאֲדָן בְּעֵיל דְבָבָא לְנִכְסָא עַמָּא בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּתַרְעַיָּא דִירוּשְׁלֵם: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [The kings of the earth believed not, neither all the inhabitants of the world, that the adversary and the enemy would enter into the gates of Jerusalem.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.133/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:LAM:121`. - ← previous: [Lamentations 4:11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.4.11/) - next →: [Lamentations 4:13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.4.13/) - ↑ back to [Lamentations 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/4/)