--- title: Lamentations 4:14 — They wander as blind men in the streets, they are polluted with bloo… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: They wander as blind men in the streets, they are polluted with blood, so that men cannot touch their garments. Who acts: adversary, men. Lamentations 4:14 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, the Targum, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.4.14/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Ketuvim](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/) / [Lamentations](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/) / [chapter 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/4/) / 4:14 # Lamentations 4:14 אֵיכָה **Who acts:** adversary, men · **What happens:** wander, pollute, not touch · **To what, where:** adversary, garments This is Lamentations 4:14 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — adversary, men — and what happens in the verse to adversary, garments, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 5 chapters of Lamentations on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. נָע֤וּ עִוְרִים֙ בַּֽחוּצ֔וֹת נְגֹֽאֲל֖וּ בַּדָּ֑ם בְּלֹ֣א יֽוּכְל֔וּ יִגְּע֖וּ בִּלְבֻשֵׁיהֶֽם׃ס [They wander as blind men in the streets, they are polluted with blood, so that men cannot touch their garments.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.135/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:LAM:123 # text = נָע֤וּ עִוְרִים֙ בַּֽחוּצ֔וֹת נְגֹֽאֲל֖וּ בַּדָּ֑ם בְּלֹ֣א יֽוּכְל֔וּ יִגְּע֖וּ בִּלְבֻשֵׁיהֶֽם׃ס # verse = LAM.4.14 1 נָע֤וּ נוּעַ VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=they.wandered|Ref=LAM_4:14!1|MId=o250040140011|Strong=5128|Frame=A0:250040130021;250040130041;|Type=qatal 2 עִוְרִים֙ עִוֵּר ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 1 advmod _ Gloss=blind.[people]|Ref=LAM_4:14!2|MId=o250040140021|Strong=5787|Type=adjective 3-5 בַּֽחוּצ֔וֹת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 בַּֽ בְּ ADP _ _ 5 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=LAM_4:14!3|MId=o250040140031|Strong=0871a 4 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 5 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=LAM_4:14!3|MId=o250040140031ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 5 חוּצ֔וֹת חוּץ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 1 obl _ Gloss=streets|Ref=LAM_4:14!3|MId=o250040140032|Strong=2351 6 נְגֹֽאֲל֖וּ גָּאַל VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 1 parataxis _ Gloss=they.were.defiled|Ref=LAM_4:14!4|MId=o250040140041|Strong=1351|Frame=A1:250040130021;250040130041;|Type=qatal 7-9 בַּדָּ֑ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 בַּ בְּ ADP _ _ 9 case _ Gloss=by|Ref=LAM_4:14!5|MId=o250040140051|Strong=0871a 8 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 9 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=LAM_4:14!5|MId=o250040140051ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 9 דָּ֑ם דָּם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 obl _ Gloss=blood|Ref=LAM_4:14!5|MId=o250040140052|Strong=1818 10-11 בְּלֹ֣א _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 12 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=LAM_4:14!6|MId=o250040140061|Strong=0871a 11 לֹ֣א לֹא ADV _ _ 12 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=LAM_4:14!6|MId=o250040140062|Strong=3808|Type=negative 12 יֽוּכְל֔וּ יָכֹל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 6 parataxis _ Gloss=people.were.able|Ref=LAM_4:14!7|MId=o250040140071|Strong=3201|Frame=A0:;A1:250040140081;|Type=yiqtol 13 יִגְּע֖וּ נָגַע VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 12 ccomp _ Gloss=people.touched|Ref=LAM_4:14!8|MId=o250040140081|Strong=5060|Frame=A0:;|Type=yiqtol 14-16 בִּלְבֻשֵׁיהֶֽם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 בִּ בְּ ADP _ _ 15 case _ Gloss=(in)|Ref=LAM_4:14!9|MId=o250040140091|Strong=0871a 15 לְבֻשֵׁי לְבוּשׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 13 obl _ Gloss=clothes|Ref=LAM_4:14!9|MId=o250040140092|Strong=3830 16 הֶֽם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 15 nmod:poss _ Gloss=their|Ref=LAM_4:14!9|MId=o250040140093|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 17 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 16 punct _ Ref=LAM_4:14!9|SpaceAfter=No 18 ס ס PUNCT _ _ 16 punct _ Ref=LAM_4:14!9 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | נָעוּ *they wandered* | qatal · qal | | | | | | נְגֹֽאֲלוּ *they were defiled* | qatal · niphal | | | | | | **not** יֽוּכְלוּ *people were able* | yiqtol · qal | | יִגְּעוּ *people touched* | | | | יִגְּעוּ *people touched* | yiqtol · qal | | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## The Targum {#onkelos} אִיתְטַלְטְלוּ עִוְרִין בְּמָחוֹזִין אִטַּנְפוּ בְדַם קְטוֹלִין בְּחַרְבָּא וְעַל דְלָא הֲווֹ יָכְלִין לְמֶחְמֵי קְרִיבוּ בִּלְבוּשֵׁיהוֹן: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [They wander as blind men in the streets, they are polluted with blood, so that men cannot touch their garments.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.135/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:LAM:123`. - ← previous: [Lamentations 4:13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.4.13/) - next →: [Lamentations 4:15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.4.15/) - ↑ back to [Lamentations 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/4/)