--- title: Lamentations 4:18 — They hunt our steps, that we cannot go in our broad places; our end… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: They hunt our steps, that we cannot go in our broad places; our end is near, our days are fulfilled; for our end is come. Who acts: eyes, we, end, our. Lamentations 4:18 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, the Targum, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.4.18/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Ketuvim](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/) / [Lamentations](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/) / [chapter 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/4/) / 4:18 # Lamentations 4:18 אֵיכָה **Who acts:** eyes, we, end, our · **What happens:** hunt, not go, be, fulfil, step · **To what, where:** steps, broad places, days This is Lamentations 4:18 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — eyes, we, end, our — and what happens in the verse to steps, broad places, days, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 5 chapters of Lamentations on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. צָד֣וּ צְעָדֵ֔ינוּ מִלֶּ֖כֶת בִּרְחֹבֹתֵ֑ינוּ קָרַ֥ב קִצֵּ֛ינוּ מָלְא֥וּ יָמֵ֖ינוּ כִּי־בָ֥א קִצֵּֽינוּ׃ס [They hunt our steps, that we cannot go in our broad places; our end is near, our days are fulfilled; for our end is come.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.139/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:LAM:127 # text = צָד֣וּ צְעָדֵ֔ינוּ מִלֶּ֖כֶת בִּרְחֹבֹתֵ֑ינוּ קָרַ֥ב קִצֵּ֛ינוּ מָלְא֥וּ יָמֵ֖ינוּ כִּי־בָ֥א קִצֵּֽינוּ׃ס # verse = LAM.4.18 1 צָד֣וּ צוּד VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=they.hunted|Ref=LAM_4:18!1|MId=o250040180011|Strong=6679|Frame=A0:;A1:250040180021;|Type=qatal 2-3 צְעָדֵ֔ינוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 צְעָדֵ֔י צַעַד NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 1 obj _ Gloss=steps|Ref=LAM_4:18!2|MId=o250040180021|Strong=6806 3 נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 2 nmod:poss _ Gloss=our|Ref=LAM_4:18!2|MId=o250040180022|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 4-5 מִלֶּ֖כֶת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 5 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=LAM_4:18!3|MId=o250040180031|Strong=4480 5 לֶּ֖כֶת הלך VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 1 advcl _ Gloss=walking|Ref=LAM_4:18!3|MId=o250040180032|Strong=1980|Frame=A0:250030010022;250040100101;|Type=infinitive_construct 6-8 בִּרְחֹבֹתֵ֑ינוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 בִּ בְּ ADP _ _ 7 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=LAM_4:18!4|MId=o250040180041|Strong=0871a 7 רְחֹבֹתֵ֑י רְחֹב NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 5 obl _ Gloss=our.open|Ref=LAM_4:18!4|MId=o250040180042|Strong=7339 8 נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 7 nmod:poss _ Gloss=places|Ref=LAM_4:18!4|MId=o250040180043|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 9 קָרַ֥ב קָרַב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 1 parataxis _ Gloss=it.drew.near|Ref=LAM_4:18!5|MId=o250040180051|Strong=7126|Frame=A0:250040180061;|Type=qatal 10-11 קִצֵּ֛ינוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 קִצֵּ֛י קֵץ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 9 nsubj _ Gloss=end|Ref=LAM_4:18!6|MId=o250040180061|Strong=7093 11 נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 10 nmod:poss _ Gloss=our|Ref=LAM_4:18!6|MId=o250040180062|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 12 מָלְא֥וּ מָלֵא VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 1 parataxis _ Gloss=they.were.completed|Ref=LAM_4:18!7|MId=o250040180071|Strong=4390|Frame=A0:250040180081;|Type=qatal 13-14 יָמֵ֖ינוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 יָמֵ֖י יוֹם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 12 nsubj _ Gloss=days|Ref=LAM_4:18!8|MId=o250040180081|Strong=3117 14 נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 13 nmod:poss _ Gloss=our|Ref=LAM_4:18!8|MId=o250040180082|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 15 כִּי־ כִּי SCONJ _ _ 16 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=LAM_4:18!9|MId=o250040180091|Strong=3588|SpaceAfter=No 16 בָ֥א בּוֹא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 1 advcl _ Gloss=it.had.come|Ref=LAM_4:18!10|MId=o250040180101|Strong=0935|Frame=A0:250040180111;|Type=qatal 17-18 קִצֵּֽינוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 קִצֵּֽי קֵץ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 16 nsubj _ Gloss=end|Ref=LAM_4:18!11|MId=o250040180111|Strong=7093 18 נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 17 nmod:poss _ Gloss=our|Ref=LAM_4:18!11|MId=o250040180112|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 19 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 18 punct _ Ref=LAM_4:18!11|SpaceAfter=No 20 ס ס PUNCT _ _ 18 punct _ Ref=LAM_4:18!11 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | צָדוּ *they hunted* | qatal · qal | | צְעָדֵי *steps* | | | | לֶּכֶת *walking* | infinitive construct · qal | | | | | | קָרַב *it drew near* | qatal · qal | קִצֵּי *end* | | | | | מָלְאוּ *they were completed* | qatal · qal | יָמֵי *days* | | | | | בָא *it had come* | qatal · qal | קִצֵּֽי *end* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## The Targum {#onkelos} הִינוּן צָדִין שְׁבִילָנָא מִלְמֵיהַךְ לְרוֹחֲצָן בִּפְלָטְיָיתָנָא אָמַרְנָא קָרֵב סוֹפָנָא אִתְמְלִיאוּ יוֹמָנָא אֲרוּם מְטָא סוֹפָנָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [They hunt our steps, that we cannot go in our broad places; our end is near, our days are fulfilled; for our end is come.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.139/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:LAM:127`. - ← previous: [Lamentations 4:17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.4.17/) - next →: [Lamentations 4:19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.4.19/) - ↑ back to [Lamentations 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/4/)