--- title: Nehemiah 4:4 — And Judah said: 'The strength of the bearers of burdens is decayed,… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And Judah said: 'The strength of the bearers of burdens is decayed, and there is much rubbish; so that we are not able to build the wall.' Who acts: Judah, much rubbish, we. Nehemiah 4:4 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/NEH.4.4/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Ketuvim](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/) / [Nehemiah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/NEH/) / [chapter 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/NEH/4/) / 4:4 # Nehemiah 4:4 נְחֶמְיָה **Who acts:** Judah, much rubbish, we · **What happens:** say, decay, be, not be, build · **To what, where:** strength, wall · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Nehemiah 4:4 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Judah, much rubbish, we — and what happens in the verse to strength, wall, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 13 chapters of Nehemiah on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוּדָ֗ה כָּשַׁל֙ כֹּ֣חַ הַסַּבָּ֔ל וְהֶעָפָ֖ר הַרְבֵּ֑ה וַאֲנַ֙חְנוּ֙ לֹ֣א נוּכַ֔ל לִבְנ֖וֹת בַּחוֹמָֽה׃ [And Judah said: 'The strength of the bearers of burdens is decayed, and there is much rubbish; so that we are not able to build the wall.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/NEH.86/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:NEH:72 # text = וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוּדָ֗ה כָּשַׁל֙ כֹּ֣חַ הַסַּבָּ֔ל וְהֶעָפָ֖ר הַרְבֵּ֑ה וַאֲנַ֙חְנוּ֙ לֹ֣א נוּכַ֔ל לִבְנ֖וֹת בַּחוֹמָֽה׃ # verse = NEH.4.4 1-2 וַיֹּ֣אמֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=NEH_4:4!1|MId=o160040040011|Strong=2050b 2 יֹּ֣אמֶר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=it.said|Ref=NEH_4:4!1|MId=o160040040012|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:160040040021;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 יְהוּדָ֗ה יְהוּדָה PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=Judah|Ref=NEH_4:4!2|MId=o160040040021|Strong=3063 4 כָּשַׁל֙ כָּשַׁל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 ccomp _ Gloss=it.has.failed|Ref=NEH_4:4!3|MId=o160040040031|Strong=3782|Frame=A0:160040040041;|Type=qatal 5 כֹּ֣חַ כֹּחַ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ Gloss=the.strength|Ref=NEH_4:4!4|MId=o160040040041|Strong=3581 6-7 הַסַּבָּ֔ל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 7 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=NEH_4:4!5|MId=o160040040051|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 7 סַּבָּ֔ל סַבָּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.burden-bearer[s]|Ref=NEH_4:4!5|MId=o160040040052|Strong=5449 8-10 וְהֶעָפָ֖ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 11 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=NEH_4:4!6|MId=o160040040061|Strong=2050b 9 הֶ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 10 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=NEH_4:4!6|MId=o160040040062|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 10 עָפָ֖ר עָפָר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 11 nsubj _ Gloss=debris|Ref=NEH_4:4!6|MId=o160040040063|Strong=6083 11 הַרְבֵּ֑ה רָבָה ADV _ HebBinyan=HIPHIL 4 conj _ Gloss=[is].much|Ref=NEH_4:4!7|MId=o160040040071|Strong=7235b|Type=infinitive_absolute 12-13 וַאֲנַ֙חְנוּ֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 15 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=NEH_4:4!8|MId=o160040040081|Strong=2050b 13 אֲנַ֙חְנוּ֙ אֲנַחְנוּ PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 15 nsubj _ Gloss=we|Ref=NEH_4:4!8|MId=o160040040082|Strong=0587|Type=personal 14 לֹ֣א לֹא ADV _ _ 15 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=NEH_4:4!9|MId=o160040040091|Strong=3808|Type=negative 15 נוּכַ֔ל יָכֹל VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=1 4 conj _ Gloss=we.will.be.able|Ref=NEH_4:4!10|MId=o160040040101|Strong=3201|Frame=A0:160040040082;|Type=yiqtol 16-17 לִבְנ֖וֹת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 לִ לְ ADP _ _ 17 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=NEH_4:4!11|MId=o160040040111|Strong=3807a 17 בְנ֖וֹת בָּנָה VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 15 xcomp _ Gloss=rebuild|Ref=NEH_4:4!11|MId=o160040040112|Strong=1129|Frame=A0:160040040021;|Type=infinitive_construct 18-20 בַּחוֹמָֽה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 בַּ בְּ ADP _ _ 20 case _ Gloss=(on)|Ref=NEH_4:4!12|MId=o160040040121|Strong=0871a 19 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 20 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=NEH_4:4!12|MId=o160040040121ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 20 חוֹמָֽה חוֹמָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 17 obl _ Gloss=wall|Ref=NEH_4:4!12|MId=o160040040122|Strong=2346 21 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 20 punct _ Ref=NEH_4:4!12 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: yes - the frame alone: decl · narrate · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יֹּאמֶר *it said* | wayyiqtol · qal | יְהוּדָה *Judah* | | | | | כָּשַׁל *it has failed* | qatal · qal | כֹּחַ *the strength* | | | | | **not** נוּכַל *we will be able* | yiqtol · qal | אֲנַחְנוּ *we* | | | | | בְנוֹת *rebuild* | infinitive construct · qal | יְהוּדָה *Judah* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And Judah said: 'The strength of the bearers of burdens is decayed, and there is much rubbish; so that we are not able to build the wall.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/NEH.86/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:NEH:72`. - ← previous: [Nehemiah 4:3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/NEH.4.3/) - next →: [Nehemiah 4:5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/NEH.4.5/) - ↑ back to [Nehemiah 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/NEH/4/)