--- title: Psalms 143:3 — For the enemy hath persecuted my soul; he hath crushed my life down… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: For the enemy hath persecuted my soul; he hath crushed my life down to the ground; he hath made me to dwell in darkness, as those that have been long dead. Who acts: enemy, me. Psalms 143:3 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, the Targum, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/PSA.143.3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Ketuvim](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/) / [Psalms](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/PSA/) / [chapter 143](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/PSA/143/) / 143:3 # Psalms 143:3 תְּהִלִּים **Who acts:** enemy, me · **What happens:** persecute, crush down, make, dwell, be · **To what, where:** soul, life, me, darkness This is Psalms 143:3 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — enemy, me — and what happens in the verse to soul, life, me, darkness, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 150 chapters of Psalms on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. כִּ֥י רָ֘דַ֤ף אוֹיֵ֨ב ׀ נַפְשִׁ֗י דִּכָּ֣א לָ֭אָרֶץ חַיָּתִ֑י הוֹשִׁיבַ֥נִי בְ֝מַחֲשַׁכִּ֗ים כְּמֵתֵ֥י עוֹלָֽם׃ [For the enemy hath persecuted my soul; he hath crushed my life down to the ground; he hath made me to dwell in darkness, as those that have been long dead.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/PSA.2588/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:PSA:2422 # text = כִּ֥י רָ֘דַ֤ף אוֹיֵ֨ב ׀ נַפְשִׁ֗י דִּכָּ֣א לָ֭אָרֶץ חַיָּתִ֑י הוֹשִׁיבַ֥נִי בְ֝מַחֲשַׁכִּ֗ים כְּמֵתֵ֥י עוֹלָֽם׃ # verse = PSA.143.3 1 כִּ֥י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 2 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=PSA_143:3!1|MId=o191430030011|Strong=3588 2 רָ֘דַ֤ף רָדַף VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.has.pursued|Ref=PSA_143:3!2|MId=o191430030021|Strong=7291|Frame=A0:191430030031;A1:191430030041;|Type=qatal 3 אוֹיֵ֨ב אָיַב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ Gloss=an.enemy|Ref=PSA_143:3!3|MId=o191430030031|Strong=0341|Type=participle_active 4 ׀ ׀ PUNCT _ _ 3 punct _ Ref=PSA_143:3!3 5-6 נַפְשִׁ֗י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 נַפְשׁ נֶפֶשׁ NOUN _ Number=Sing 2 obj _ Gloss=self|Ref=PSA_143:3!4|MId=o191430030041|Strong=5315 6 ִ֗י הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 5 nmod:poss _ Gloss=my|Ref=PSA_143:3!4|MId=o191430030042|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 7 דִּכָּ֣א דָּכָא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 parataxis _ Gloss=he.has.crushed|Ref=PSA_143:3!5|MId=o191430030051|Strong=1792|Frame=A0:191430030031;A1:191430030071;|Type=qatal 8-10 לָ֭אָרֶץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 לָ֭ לְ ADP _ _ 10 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=PSA_143:3!6|MId=o191430030061|Strong=3807a 9 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 10 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=PSA_143:3!6|MId=o191430030061ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 10 אָרֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 7 obl _ Gloss=ground|Ref=PSA_143:3!6|MId=o191430030062|Strong=0776 11-12 חַיָּתִ֑י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 חַיָּת חַיָּה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 7 obj _ Gloss=life|Ref=PSA_143:3!7|MId=o191430030071|Strong=2416d 12 ִ֑י הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 11 nmod:poss _ Gloss=my|Ref=PSA_143:3!7|MId=o191430030072|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 13-14 הוֹשִׁיבַ֥נִי _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 הוֹשִׁיב יָשַׁב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 parataxis _ Gloss=he|Ref=PSA_143:3!8|MId=o191430030081|Strong=3427|Frame=AA:191430030031;A0:191430030082;|Type=qatal 14 ַ֥נִי הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 13 obj _ Gloss=has.caused.me.to.dwell|Ref=PSA_143:3!8|MId=o191430030082|Strong=5204a|Type=pronominal 15-16 בְ֝מַחֲשַׁכִּ֗ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 בְ֝ בְּ ADP _ _ 16 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=PSA_143:3!9|MId=o191430030091|Strong=0871a 16 מַחֲשַׁכִּ֗ים מַחְשָׁךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 13 obl _ Gloss=dark.places|Ref=PSA_143:3!9|MId=o191430030092|Strong=4285 17-18 כְּמֵתֵ֥י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 כְּ כְּ ADP _ _ 18 case _ Gloss=like|Ref=PSA_143:3!10|MId=o191430030101|Strong=3509a 18 מֵתֵ֥י מוּת VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 13 advcl _ Gloss=dead.[people]|Ref=PSA_143:3!10|MId=o191430030102|Strong=4191|Type=participle_active 19 עוֹלָֽם עוֹלָם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 18 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.antiquity|Ref=PSA_143:3!11|MId=o191430030111|Strong=5769|SpaceAfter=No 20 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 19 punct _ Ref=PSA_143:3!11 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | רָדַף *he has pursued* | qatal · qal | אוֹיֵב *an enemy* | נַפְשׁ *self* | | | | דִּכָּא *he has crushed* | qatal · piel | אוֹיֵב *an enemy* | חַיָּת *life* | | | | הוֹשִׁיב *he* | qatal · hiphil | ַנִי *has caused me to dwell* | | | אוֹיֵב *an enemy* | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## The Targum {#onkelos} אֲרוּם רָדֵף בְּעֵל דְבָבָא נַפְשִׁי דִכְדֵךְ לְאַרְעָא חַיָתִי אוֹתְבַנִי בַּחֲשׁוֹכַיָא הֵיךְ שְׁכִיבֵי עַלְמָא הָדֵין: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [For the enemy hath persecuted my soul; he hath crushed my life down to the ground; he hath made me to dwell in darkness, as those that have been long dead.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/PSA.2588/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:PSA:2422`. - ← previous: [Psalms 143:2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/PSA.143.2/) - next →: [Psalms 143:4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/PSA.143.4/) - ↑ back to [Psalms 143](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/PSA/143/)