--- title: Ruth 1:1 — AND IT came to pass in the days when the judges judged, that there w… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: AND IT came to pass in the days when the judges judged, that there was a famine in the land. And a certain man of Beth-lehem in Judah went to sojourn in the field of Moab, he, and his wife, and his two sons. Who acts: judges, famine, certain man. Ruth 1:1 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, the Targ --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/RUT.1.1/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Ketuvim](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/) / [Ruth](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/RUT/) / [chapter 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/RUT/1/) / 1:1 # Ruth 1:1 רוּת **Who acts:** judges, famine, certain man · **What happens:** come, pass, judge, be, go, sojourn · **To what, where:** IT, field This is Ruth 1:1 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — judges, famine, certain man — and what happens in the verse to IT, field, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 4 chapters of Ruth on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיְהִ֗י בִּימֵי֙ שְׁפֹ֣ט הַשֹּׁפְטִ֔ים וַיְהִ֥י רָעָ֖ב בָּאָ֑רֶץ וַיֵּ֨לֶךְ אִ֜ישׁ מִבֵּ֧ית לֶ֣חֶם בֵּ֧ית לֶ֣חֶם יְהוּדָ֗ה לָגוּר֙ בִּשְׂדֵ֣י מוֹאָ֔ב ה֥וּא וְאִשְׁתּ֖וֹ וּשְׁנֵ֥י בָנָֽיו׃ [AND IT came to pass in the days when the judges judged, that there was a famine in the land.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/RUT.0/) [And a certain man of Beth-lehem in Judah went to sojourn in the field of Moab, he, and his wife, and his two sons.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/RUT.1/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:RUT:0 # text = וַיְהִ֗י בִּימֵי֙ שְׁפֹ֣ט הַשֹּׁפְטִ֔ים וַיְהִ֥י רָעָ֖ב בָּאָ֑רֶץ וַיֵּ֨לֶךְ אִ֜ישׁ מִבֵּ֧ית לֶ֣חֶם בֵּ֧ית לֶ֣חֶם יְהוּדָ֗ה לָגוּר֙ בִּשְׂדֵ֣י מוֹאָ֔ב ה֥וּא וְאִשְׁתּ֖וֹ וּשְׁנֵ֥י בָנָֽיו׃ # verse = RUT.1.1 1-2 וַיְהִ֗י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=RUT_1:1!1|MId=o080010010011|Strong=2050b 2 יְהִ֗י הָיָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=it.was|Ref=RUT_1:1!1|MId=o080010010012|Strong=1961|Type=wayyiqtol 3-4 בִּימֵי֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 בִּ בְּ ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=RUT_1:1!2|MId=o080010010021|Strong=0871a 4 ימֵי֙ יוֹם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 2 obl _ Gloss=the.days|Ref=RUT_1:1!2|MId=o080010010022|Strong=3117 5 שְׁפֹ֣ט שָׁפַט VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 4 acl _ Gloss=of.the.judging|Ref=RUT_1:1!3|MId=o080010010031|Strong=8199|Frame=A0:080010010042;|Type=infinitive_construct 6-7 הַשֹּׁפְטִ֔ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 7 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=RUT_1:1!4|MId=o080010010041|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 7 שֹּׁפְטִ֔ים שָׁפַט VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 5 nsubj _ Gloss=the.judges|Ref=RUT_1:1!4|MId=o080010010042|Strong=8199|Type=participle_active 8-9 וַיְהִ֥י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 9 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=RUT_1:1!5|MId=o080010010051|Strong=2050b 9 יְהִ֥י הָיָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=it.was|Ref=RUT_1:1!5|MId=o080010010052|Strong=1961|Frame=A0:080010010061;|Type=wayyiqtol 10 רָעָ֖ב רָעָב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 9 nsubj _ Gloss=a.famine|Ref=RUT_1:1!6|MId=o080010010061|Strong=7458 11-13 בָּאָ֑רֶץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 בָּ בְּ ADP _ _ 13 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=RUT_1:1!7|MId=o080010010071|Strong=0871a 12 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 13 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=RUT_1:1!7|MId=o080010010071ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 13 אָ֑רֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 9 obl _ Gloss=land|Ref=RUT_1:1!7|MId=o080010010072|Strong=0776 14-15 וַיֵּ֨לֶךְ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 15 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=RUT_1:1!8|MId=o080010010081|Strong=2050b 15 יֵּ֨לֶךְ הלך VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.went|Ref=RUT_1:1!8|MId=o080010010082|Strong=1980|Frame=A0:080010010091;080010010162;080010010181;|Type=wayyiqtol 16 אִ֜ישׁ אִישׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 15 nsubj _ Gloss=a.man|Ref=RUT_1:1!9|MId=o080010010091|Strong=0376 17-18 מִבֵּ֧ית _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 18 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=RUT_1:1!10|MId=o080010010101|Strong=4480 18 בֵּ֧ית בֵּית PROPN _ _ 15 obl _ Gloss=Bethlehem|Ref=RUT_1:1!10|MId=o080010010102 19 לֶ֣חֶם לֶחֶם PROPN _ _ 18 flat:name _ Ref=RUT_1:1!10 20 בֵּ֧ית בֵּית PROPN _ _ 18 compound:smixut _ Gloss=Bethlehem|Ref=RUT_1:1!11|MId=o080010010111 21 לֶ֣חֶם לֶחֶם PROPN _ _ 20 flat:name _ Ref=RUT_1:1!11 22 יְהוּדָ֗ה יְהוּדָה PROPN _ _ 18 compound:smixut _ Gloss=Judah|Ref=RUT_1:1!12|MId=o080010010121|Strong=3063 23-24 לָגוּר֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 לָ לְ ADP _ _ 24 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=RUT_1:1!13|MId=o080010010131|Strong=3807a 24 גוּר֙ גּוּר VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 15 advcl _ Gloss=sojourn|Ref=RUT_1:1!13|MId=o080010010132|Strong=1481|Frame=A0:080010010091;080010010162;080010010181;|Type=infinitive_construct 25-26 בִּשְׂדֵ֣י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 בִּ בְּ ADP _ _ 26 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=RUT_1:1!14|MId=o080010010141|Strong=0871a 26 שְׂדֵ֣י שָׂדֶה NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 24 obl _ Gloss=the.region(s)|Ref=RUT_1:1!14|MId=o080010010142|Strong=7704 27 מוֹאָ֔ב מוֹאָב PROPN _ _ 26 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Moab|Ref=RUT_1:1!15|MId=o080010010151|Strong=4124 28 ה֥וּא הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 16 nmod:poss _ Gloss=he|Ref=RUT_1:1!16|MId=o080010010161|Strong=1931|Type=personal 29-31 וְאִשְׁתּ֖וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 30 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=RUT_1:1!17|MId=o080010010171|Strong=2050b 30 אִשְׁתּ אִשָּׁה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 16 conj _ Gloss=wife|Ref=RUT_1:1!17|MId=o080010010172|Strong=0802 31 ֖וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 30 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=RUT_1:1!17|MId=o080010010173|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 32-33 וּשְׁנֵ֥י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 34 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=RUT_1:1!18|MId=o080010010181|Strong=2050b 33 שְׁנֵ֥י שְׁנַיִם NUM _ Gender=Masc|Number=Dual 34 nummod _ Gloss=the.two|Ref=RUT_1:1!18|MId=o080010010182|Strong=8147|Type=cardinal_number 34-35 בָנָֽיו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 34 בָנָֽי בֵּן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 16 conj _ Gloss=sons|Ref=RUT_1:1!19|MId=o080010010191|Strong=1121 35 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 34 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=RUT_1:1!19|MId=o080010010192|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 36 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 35 punct _ Ref=RUT_1:1!19 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | שְׁפֹט *of the judging* | infinitive construct · qal | שֹּׁפְטִים *the judges* | | | | | יְהִי *it was* | wayyiqtol · qal | רָעָב *a famine* | | | | | יֵּלֶךְ *he went* | wayyiqtol · qal | אִישׁ *a man* + וּ *and* | | | | | גוּר *sojourn* | infinitive construct · qal | אִישׁ *a man* + וּ *and* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## The Targum {#onkelos} וַהֲוָה בְּיוֹמֵי נְגִיד נְגִידַיָּא וַהֲוָה כְפַן תַּקִּיף בְּאַרְעָא דְּיִשְׂרָאֵל עֲשַׂרְתֵּי כַפְנִין תַּקִּיפִין אִתְגְּזָרוּ מִן שְׁמַיָּא לְמִהְוֵי בְּעָלְמָא מִן יוֹמָא דְּאִתְבְּרִי עָלְמָא עַד דְּיֵיתֵי מַלְכָּא מְשִׁיחָא לְאוֹכָחָא בְּהוֹן דָּיְרֵי אַרְעָא כְּפַן קַדְמָאֵי בְּיוֹמֵי אָדָם כְּפַן תִּנְיָן בְּיוֹמֵי לֶמֶךְ כְּפַן תְּלִיתָאֵי בְּיוֹמֵי אַבְרָהָם כְּפַן רְבִיעָאֵי בְּיוֹמֵי יִצְחָק כְּפַן חֲמִישָׁאֵי בְּיוֹמֵי יַעֲקֹב כְּפַן שְׁתִיתָאֵי בְּיוֹמֵי בּוֹעַז דְּמִתְקְרִי אִבְצָן צַדִּיקָא דְּמִן בֵּית לֶחֶם יְהוּדָה כְּפַן שְׁבִיעָאֵי בְּיוֹמֵי דָוִד מַלְכָּא דְּיִשְׂרָאֵל כְּפַן תְּמִינָאֵי בְּיוֹמֵי אֵלִיָּהוּ נְבִיָּא כְּפַן תְּשִׁיעָאֵי בְּיוֹמֵי אֱלִישָׁע בְּשׁוֹמְרוֹן כְּפַן עֲשִׂירָאֵי עֲתִיד לְמִהְוֵי לָא כְּפַן לְמֵיכַל לַחְמָא וְלָא צָהוּתָא לְמִשְׁתֵּי מַיָּא אֱלָהֵין לְמִשְׁמַע פִּתְגָם נְבוּאָה מִן קֳדָם יְיָ וְכַד הֲוָה כַּפְנָא הָדֵין תַּקִּיף בְּאַרְעָא דְּיִשְׂרָאֵל נְפַק גַּבְרָא רַבָּא מִן בֵּית לֶחֶם יְהוּדָה וַאֲזַל לָדוּר בְּחַקְלָא דְמוֹאָב הוּא וְאִתְּתֵיהּ וּתְרֵין בְּנוֹהִי: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [AND IT came to pass in the days when the judges judged, that there was a famine in the land.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/RUT.0/) 2. [And a certain man of Beth-lehem in Judah went to sojourn in the field of Moab, he, and his wife, and his two sons.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/RUT.1/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:RUT:0`. - ← previous: [Song of Songs 8:14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/SNG.8.14/) - next →: [Ruth 1:2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/RUT.1.2/) - ↑ back to [Ruth 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/RUT/1/)