--- title: Ruth 2:20 — And Naomi said unto her daughter-in-law: 'Blessed be he of the LORD,… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And Naomi said unto her daughter-in-law: 'Blessed be he of the LORD, who hath not left off His kindness to the living and to the dead.' And Naomi said unto her: 'The man is nigh of kin unto us, one of our near kinsmen.' Who acts: Naomi, man. Ruth 2:20 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, the Targum, --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/RUT.2.20/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Ketuvim](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/) / [Ruth](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/RUT/) / [chapter 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/RUT/2/) / 2:20 # Ruth 2:20 רוּת **Who acts:** Naomi, man · **What happens:** say, bless, not leave off, be · **To what, where:** man, kindness, living · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Ruth 2:20 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Naomi, man — and what happens in the verse to man, kindness, living, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 4 chapters of Ruth on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַתֹּ֨אמֶר נָעֳמִ֜י לְכַלָּתָ֗הּ בָּר֥וּךְ הוּא֙ לַיהוָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹא־עָזַ֣ב חַסְדּ֔וֹ אֶת־הַחַיִּ֖ים וְאֶת־הַמֵּתִ֑ים וַתֹּ֧אמֶר לָ֣הּ נָעֳמִ֗י קָר֥וֹב לָ֙נוּ֙ הָאִ֔ישׁ מִֽגֹּאֲלֵ֖נוּ הֽוּא׃ [And Naomi said unto her daughter-in-law: 'Blessed be he of the LORD, who hath not left off His kindness to the living and to the dead.' And Naomi said unto her: 'The man is nigh of kin unto us, one of our near kinsmen.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/RUT.46/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:RUT:41 # text = וַתֹּ֨אמֶר נָעֳמִ֜י לְכַלָּתָ֗הּ בָּר֥וּךְ הוּא֙ לַיהוָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹא־עָזַ֣ב חַסְדּ֔וֹ אֶת־הַחַיִּ֖ים וְאֶת־הַמֵּתִ֑ים וַתֹּ֧אמֶר לָ֣הּ נָעֳמִ֗י קָר֥וֹב לָ֙נוּ֙ הָאִ֔ישׁ מִֽגֹּאֲלֵ֖נוּ הֽוּא׃ # verse = RUT.2.20 1-2 וַתֹּ֨אמֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=RUT_2:20!1|MId=o080020200011|Strong=2050b 2 תֹּ֨אמֶר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=she.said|Ref=RUT_2:20!1|MId=o080020200012|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:080020200021;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 נָעֳמִ֜י נׇעֳמִי PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=Naomi|Ref=RUT_2:20!2|MId=o080020200021|Strong=5281 4-6 לְכַלָּתָ֗הּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 5 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=RUT_2:20!3|MId=o080020200031|Strong=3807a 5 כַלָּת כַּלָּה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 2 obl _ Gloss=daughter-in-law|Ref=RUT_2:20!3|MId=o080020200032|Strong=3618 6 ָ֗הּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 5 nmod:poss _ Gloss=her|Ref=RUT_2:20!3|MId=o080020200033|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 7 בָּר֥וּךְ בָּרַךְ VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 2 ccomp _ Gloss=[be].blessed|Ref=RUT_2:20!4|MId=o080020200041|Strong=1288|Frame=A1:080020200051;|Type=participle_passive 8 הוּא֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 7 nsubj _ Gloss=he|Ref=RUT_2:20!5|MId=o080020200051|Strong=1931|Type=personal 9-10 לַיהוָ֔ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 לַ לְ ADP _ _ 10 case _ Gloss=by|Ref=RUT_2:20!6|MId=o080020200061|Strong=3807a 10 יהוָ֔ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 7 obl _ Gloss=Yahweh|Ref=RUT_2:20!6|MId=o080020200062|Strong=3068 11 אֲשֶׁר֙ אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 13 mark _ Gloss=who|Ref=RUT_2:20!7|MId=o080020200071|Strong=0834|Type=relative 12 לֹא־ לֹא ADV _ _ 13 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=RUT_2:20!8|MId=o080020200081|Strong=3808|Type=negative|SpaceAfter=No 13 עָזַ֣ב עָזַב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 10 acl:relcl _ Gloss=he.has.forsaken|Ref=RUT_2:20!9|MId=o080020200091|Strong=5800|Frame=A0:080020200062;A1:080020200101;|Type=qatal 14-15 חַסְדּ֔וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 חַסְדּ חֶסֶד NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 13 obj _ Gloss=loyalty|Ref=RUT_2:20!10|MId=o080020200101|Strong=2617 15 ֔וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 14 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his.covenant|Ref=RUT_2:20!10|MId=o080020200102|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 16 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 18 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=RUT_2:20!11|MId=o080020200111|Strong=0854|SpaceAfter=No 17-18 הַחַיִּ֖ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 18 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=RUT_2:20!12|MId=o080020200121|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 18 חַיִּ֖ים חַי ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 13 obl _ Gloss=living|Ref=RUT_2:20!12|MId=o080020200122|Strong=2416a|Type=adjective 19-20 וְאֶת־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 22 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=RUT_2:20!13|MId=o080020200131|Strong=2050b 20 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 22 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=RUT_2:20!13|MId=o080020200132|Strong=0854 21-22 הַמֵּתִ֑ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 הַ הַ SCONJ _ _ 22 mark _ Gloss=the|Ref=RUT_2:20!14|MId=o080020200141|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 22 מֵּתִ֑ים מוּת VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 18 conj _ Gloss=dead|Ref=RUT_2:20!14|MId=o080020200142|Strong=4191|Type=participle_active 23-24 וַתֹּ֧אמֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 24 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=RUT_2:20!15|MId=o080020200151|Strong=2050b 24 תֹּ֧אמֶר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=she.said|Ref=RUT_2:20!15|MId=o080020200152|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:080020200171;|Type=wayyiqtol 25-26 לָ֣הּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 ל לְ ADP _ _ 26 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=RUT_2:20!16|MId=o080020200161|Strong=3807a 26 ָ֣הּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 24 obl _ Gloss=her|Ref=RUT_2:20!16|MId=o080020200162|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 27 נָעֳמִ֗י נׇעֳמִי PROPN _ _ 24 nsubj _ Gloss=Naomi|Ref=RUT_2:20!17|MId=o080020200171|Strong=5281 28 קָר֥וֹב קָרֹוב ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 24 ccomp _ Gloss=[is].near|Ref=RUT_2:20!18|MId=o080020200181|Strong=7138|Type=adjective 29-30 לָ֙נוּ֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 ל לְ ADP _ _ 30 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=RUT_2:20!19|MId=o080020200191|Strong=3807a 30 ָ֙נוּ֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 28 nmod _ Gloss=us|Ref=RUT_2:20!19|MId=o080020200192|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 31-32 הָאִ֔ישׁ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 31 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 32 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=RUT_2:20!20|MId=o080020200201|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 32 אִ֔ישׁ אִישׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 28 nsubj _ Gloss=man|Ref=RUT_2:20!20|MId=o080020200202|Strong=0376 33-35 מִֽגֹּאֲלֵ֖נוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 מִֽ מִן ADP _ _ 34 case _ Gloss=[is].one|Ref=RUT_2:20!21|MId=o080020200211|Strong=4480 34 גֹּאֲל גָּאַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 28 parataxis _ Gloss=of|Ref=RUT_2:20!21|MId=o080020200212|Strong=1350|Frame=A1:080020200213;|Type=participle_active 35 ֵ֖נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 34 nmod:poss _ Gloss=our.kinsman-redeemers|Ref=RUT_2:20!21|MId=o080020200213|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 36 הֽוּא הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 34 nsubj _ Gloss=he|Ref=RUT_2:20!22|MId=o080020200221|Strong=1931|Type=personal|SpaceAfter=No 37 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 36 punct _ Ref=RUT_2:20!22 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: yes - the frame alone: decl · narrate · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | תֹּאמֶר *she said* | wayyiqtol · qal | נָעֳמִי *Naomi* | | | | | בָּרוּךְ *\[be\] blessed* | participle passive · qal | | הוּא *he* | | | | **not** עָזַב *he has forsaken* | qatal · qal | יהוָה *Yahweh* | חַסְדּ *loyalty* | | | | תֹּאמֶר *she said* | wayyiqtol · qal | נָעֳמִי *Naomi* | | | | | גֹּאֲל *of* | participle active · qal | | ֵנוּ *our kinsman-redeemers* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## The Targum {#onkelos} וַאֲמַרַת נָעֳמִי לְכַלְּתַהּ מְבוֹרָךְ הוּא מִפּוּם קוּדְשָׁא דַּיָי דְּלָא שְׁבַק טֵיבוּתֵיהּ עִם חַיַיָּא וְעִם מֵתַיָּא וַאֲמַרַת לַהּ נָעֳמִי קָרִיב לַנָא גּוּבְרָא מִפְּרִיקָנָא הוּא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And Naomi said unto her daughter-in-law: 'Blessed be he of the LORD, who hath not left off His kindness to the living and to the dead.' And Naomi said unto her: 'The man is nigh of kin unto us, one of our near kinsmen.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/RUT.46/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:RUT:41`. - ← previous: [Ruth 2:19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/RUT.2.19/) - next →: [Ruth 2:21](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/RUT.2.21/) - ↑ back to [Ruth 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/RUT/2/)