--- title: Ruth 4:7 — Now this was the custom in former time in Israel concerning redeemin… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: Now this was the custom in former time in Israel concerning redeeming and concerning exchanging, to confirm all things: a man drew off his shoe, and gave it to his neighbour; and this was the attestation in Israel. — Who acts: this, former time, man. Ruth 4:7 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, the --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/RUT.4.7/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Ketuvim](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/) / [Ruth](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/RUT/) / [chapter 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/RUT/4/) / 4:7 # Ruth 4:7 רוּת **Who acts:** this, former time, man · **What happens:** be, redeem, exchange, confirm, draw off, give · **To what, where:** custom, things, shoe, neighbour, attestation, Israel This is Ruth 4:7 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — this, former time, man — and what happens in the verse to custom, things, shoe, neighbour, attestation, Israel, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 4 chapters of Ruth on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וְזֹאת֩ לְפָנִ֨ים בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל עַל־הַגְּאוּלָּ֤ה וְעַל־הַתְּמוּרָה֙ לְקַיֵּ֣ם כָּל־דָּבָ֔ר שָׁלַ֥ף אִ֛ישׁ נַעֲל֖וֹ וְנָתַ֣ן לְרֵעֵ֑הוּ וְזֹ֥את הַתְּעוּדָ֖ה בְּיִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ [Now this was the custom in former time in Israel concerning redeeming and concerning exchanging, to confirm all things: a man drew off his shoe, and gave it to his neighbour; and this was the attestation in Israel. —](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/RUT.77/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:RUT:69 # text = וְזֹאת֩ לְפָנִ֨ים בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל עַל־הַגְּאוּלָּ֤ה וְעַל־הַתְּמוּרָה֙ לְקַיֵּ֣ם כָּל־דָּבָ֔ר שָׁלַ֥ף אִ֛ישׁ נַעֲל֖וֹ וְנָתַ֣ן לְרֵעֵ֑הוּ וְזֹ֥את הַתְּעוּדָ֖ה בְּיִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ # verse = RUT.4.7 1-2 וְזֹאת֩ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=RUT_4:7!1|MId=o080040070011|Strong=2050b 2 זֹאת֩ זֹאת PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 0 root _ Gloss=this|Ref=RUT_4:7!1|MId=o080040070012|Strong=2063|Type=demonstrative 3-4 לְפָנִ֨ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=formerly|Ref=RUT_4:7!2|MId=o080040070021|Strong=3807a 4 פָנִ֨ים פָּנֶה NOUN _ Number=Plur 2 obl _ Gloss=|Ref=RUT_4:7!2|MId=o080040070022|Strong=6440 5-6 בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 6 case _ Gloss=[was].in|Ref=RUT_4:7!3|MId=o080040070031|Strong=0871a 6 יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 2 obl _ Gloss=Israel|Ref=RUT_4:7!3|MId=o080040070032|Strong=3478 7 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 9 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=RUT_4:7!4|MId=o080040070041|Strong=5921|SpaceAfter=No 8-9 הַגְּאוּלָּ֤ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 9 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=RUT_4:7!5|MId=o080040070051|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 9 גְּאוּלָּ֤ה גְּאֻלָּה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 2 obl _ Gloss=redemption|Ref=RUT_4:7!5|MId=o080040070052|Strong=1353 10-11 וְעַל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 13 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=RUT_4:7!6|MId=o080040070061|Strong=2050b 11 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 13 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=RUT_4:7!6|MId=o080040070062|Strong=5921 12-13 הַתְּמוּרָה֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 13 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=RUT_4:7!7|MId=o080040070071|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 13 תְּמוּרָה֙ תְּמוּרָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 9 conj _ Gloss=exchanging|Ref=RUT_4:7!7|MId=o080040070072|Strong=8545 14-15 לְקַיֵּ֣ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 15 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=RUT_4:7!8|MId=o080040070081|Strong=3807a 15 קַיֵּ֣ם קוּם VERB _ HebBinyan=PIEL 2 advcl _ Gloss=confirm|Ref=RUT_4:7!8|MId=o080040070082|Strong=6965|Frame=A0:;A1:080040070101;|Type=infinitive_construct 16 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 15 obj _ Gloss=every|Ref=RUT_4:7!9|MId=o080040070091|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 17 דָּבָ֔ר דָּבָר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 16 compound:smixut _ Gloss=matter|Ref=RUT_4:7!10|MId=o080040070101|Strong=1697 18 שָׁלַ֥ף שָׁלַף VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 parataxis _ Gloss=he.drew.off|Ref=RUT_4:7!11|MId=o080040070111|Strong=8025|Frame=A0:080040070121;A1:080040070131;|Type=qatal 19 אִ֛ישׁ אִישׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 18 nsubj _ Gloss=anyone|Ref=RUT_4:7!12|MId=o080040070121|Strong=0376 20-21 נַעֲל֖וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 נַעֲל נַעַל NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 18 obj _ Gloss=sandal|Ref=RUT_4:7!13|MId=o080040070131|Strong=5275 21 ֖וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 20 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=RUT_4:7!13|MId=o080040070132|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 22-23 וְנָתַ֣ן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 23 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=RUT_4:7!14|MId=o080040070141|Strong=2050b 23 נָתַ֣ן נָתַן VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.gave.[it]|Ref=RUT_4:7!14|MId=o080040070142|Strong=5414|Frame=A0:080040070121;A1:080040070131;|Type=weqatal 24-26 לְרֵעֵ֑הוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 25 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=RUT_4:7!15|MId=o080040070151|Strong=3807a 25 רֵע רֵעַ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 23 obl _ Gloss=neighbor|Ref=RUT_4:7!15|MId=o080040070152|Strong=7453 26 ֵ֑הוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 25 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=RUT_4:7!15|MId=o080040070153|Strong=1930a|Type=pronominal 27-28 וְזֹ֥את _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 30 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=RUT_4:7!16|MId=o080040070161|Strong=2050b 28 זֹ֥את זֹאת PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 30 nsubj _ Gloss=this|Ref=RUT_4:7!16|MId=o080040070162|Strong=2063|Type=demonstrative 29-30 הַתְּעוּדָ֖ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 30 det _ Gloss=[was].the|Ref=RUT_4:7!17|MId=o080040070171|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 30 תְּעוּדָ֖ה תְּעוּדָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 2 conj _ Gloss=attestation|Ref=RUT_4:7!17|MId=o080040070172|Strong=8584 31-32 בְּיִשְׂרָאֵֽל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 31 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 32 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=RUT_4:7!18|MId=o080040070181|Strong=0871a 32 יִשְׂרָאֵֽל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 30 obl _ Gloss=Israel|Ref=RUT_4:7!18|MId=o080040070182|Strong=3478 33 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 32 punct _ Ref=RUT_4:7!18 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | קַיֵּם *confirm* | infinitive construct · piel | | דָּבָר *matter* | | | | שָׁלַף *he drew off* | qatal · qal | אִישׁ *anyone* | נַעֲל *sandal* | | | | נָתַן *he gave \[it\]* | weqatal · qal | אִישׁ *anyone* | נַעֲל *sandal* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## The Targum {#onkelos} וּכְהַדָא מִנְהַגָא בְּעִדָּנָא דְּמִלְּקַדְמִין מִתְנַהֲגָא בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל בִּזְמָן דְּשָׁקְלָן וְטָרַן וּפָרְקָן וּמַחְלְפָן חַד מִן חַבְרֵיהּ וּמְקַיְּמִין כָּל מִדָּעַם וּטְלַע גְּבַר נַרְתֵּיק יַד יַמִּינֵיהּ וְאוֹשֵׁיט בֵּיהּ קִנְיָן לְחַבְרֵיהּ וְהַכִין נָהֲגִין בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמִקְנֵי חַד מִן חַבְרֵיהּ קֳדָם סָהֲדַיָּא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Now this was the custom in former time in Israel concerning redeeming and concerning exchanging, to confirm all things: a man drew off his shoe, and gave it to his neighbour; and this was the attestation in Israel. —](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/RUT.77/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:RUT:69`. - ← previous: [Ruth 4:6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/RUT.4.6/) - next →: [Ruth 4:8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/RUT.4.8/) - ↑ back to [Ruth 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/RUT/4/)