--- title: 2 Chronicles 18:31 (JPS 1917) — And it came to pass, when the captains of the chariots saw Jehoshaph… · tree and pragmatics description: And it came to pass, when the captains of the chariots saw Jehoshaphat, that they said: 'It is the king of Israel.' Therefore they turned about to fight against him; but Jehoshaphat cried out, and the LORD helped him; and God moved them to depart from him. Who acts: small, captains, Jehoshaphat, LOR --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/2CH.402/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Ketuvim](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/) / [2 Chronicles](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/2CH/) / [chapter 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/2CH/18/) / [18:31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/2CH.18.31/) / JPS 1 # 2 Chronicles 18:31 · JPS 1917 And it came to pass, when the captains of the chariots saw Jehoshaphat, that they said: 'It is the king of Israel.' Therefore they turned about to fight against him; but Jehoshaphat cried out, and the LORD helped him; and God moved them to depart from him. **Who acts:** small, captains, Jehoshaphat, LORD, God · **What happens:** come, pass, see, say, be, turn about · **To what, where:** Jehoshaphat, king, captains · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is 2 Chronicles 18:31 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (small, captains, Jehoshaphat, LORD), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = jps:2CH:402 # text = And it came to pass, when the captains of the chariots saw Jehoshaphat, that they said: 'It is the king of Israel.' Therefore they turned about to fight against him; but Jehoshaphat cried out, and the LORD helped him; and God moved them to depart from him. 1 And and CCONJ CC _ 3 cc _ _ 2 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 3 nsubj _ _ 3 came come VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 to to PART TO _ 5 mark _ _ 5 pass pass VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 3 xcomp _ _ 6 , , PUNCT , _ 13 punct _ _ 7 when when SCONJ WRB _ 13 mark _ _ 8 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 9 det _ _ 9 captains captain NOUN NNS Number=Plur 13 nsubj _ _ 10 of of ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 11 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 12 det _ _ 12 chariots chariot NOUN NNS Number=Plur 9 nmod _ _ 13 saw see VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 advcl _ _ 14 Jehoshaphat Jehoshaphat PROPN NNP Number=Sing 13 obj _ _ 15 , , PUNCT , _ 18 punct _ _ 16 that that SCONJ IN _ 18 mark _ _ 17 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 18 nsubj _ _ 18 said say VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 13 ccomp _ _ 19 : : PUNCT : _ 24 punct _ _ 20 ' ' PUNCT `` _ 24 punct _ _ 21 It it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 24 nsubj _ _ 22 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 24 cop _ _ 23 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 24 det _ _ 24 king king NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 ccomp _ _ 25 of of ADP IN _ 26 case _ _ 26 Israel Israel PROPN NNP Number=Sing 24 nmod _ _ 27 . . PUNCT . _ 24 punct _ _ 28 ' ' PUNCT '' _ 24 punct _ _ 29 Therefore therefore ADV RB _ 31 advmod _ _ 30 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 31 nsubj _ _ 31 turned turn VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 32 about about ADP RP _ 31 compound:prt _ _ 33 to to PART TO _ 34 mark _ _ 34 fight fight VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 31 xcomp _ _ 35 against against ADP IN _ 36 case _ _ 36 him he PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 34 obl _ _ 37 ; ; PUNCT : _ 40 punct _ _ 38 but but CCONJ CC _ 40 cc _ _ 39 Jehoshaphat Jehoshaphat PROPN NNP Number=Sing 40 nsubj _ _ 40 cried cry VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 41 out out ADV RB _ 40 advmod _ _ 42 , , PUNCT , _ 46 punct _ _ 43 and and CCONJ CC _ 46 cc _ _ 44 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 45 det _ _ 45 LORD LORD PROPN NNP Number=Sing 46 nsubj _ _ 46 helped help VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 40 conj _ _ 47 him he PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 46 obj _ _ 48 ; ; PUNCT : _ 51 punct _ _ 49 and and CCONJ CC _ 51 cc _ _ 50 God God PROPN NNP Number=Sing 51 nsubj _ _ 51 moved move VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 52 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 51 obj _ _ 53 to to PART TO _ 54 mark _ _ 54 depart depart VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 51 xcomp _ _ 55 from from ADP IN _ 56 case _ _ 56 him he PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 54 obl _ _ 57 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **come** | past | small | | | | | | tree rules | | 2 | **pass** | to-infinitive | small *not said here* | | | | | | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 3 | **see** | past | the captains of the chariots | Jehoshaphat | | | | | tree rules | | 4 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | captains *= captain* | | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | | 5 | **is a** | present | small | the king | | | | of Israel | tree rules | | 6 | **turn about** | past | captains *= captain* | | | | | therefore *property* | tree rules | | 7 | **fight** | to-infinitive | captains *= captain* *not said here* | | | | | against king | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 8 | **cry out** *speech: express* | past | Jehoshaphat | | | | | out *property* | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 9 | **help** | past | the LORD | | king | | | | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Beneficiary | | 10 | **move** | past | God | captains *= captain* | | | | | tree rules | | 11 | **depart** | to-infinitive | God *not said here* | | | | | from king | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from he=Initial\_Location | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew} וַיְהִ֡י כִּרְאוֹת֩ שָׂרֵ֨י הָרֶ֜כֶב אֶת־יְהוֹשָׁפָ֗ט וְהֵ֤מָּה אָֽמְרוּ֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל ה֔וּא וַיָּסֹ֥בּוּ עָלָ֖יו לְהִלָּחֵ֑ם וַיִּזְעַ֤ק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָט֙ וַֽיהוָ֣ה עֲזָר֔וֹ וַיְסִיתֵ֥ם אֱלֹהִ֖ים מִמֶּֽנּוּ׃ [2 Chronicles 18:31: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/2CH.18.31/) **Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:2CH:402` of Mova's parse database. **The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter. - ← previous: [2 Chronicles 18:30 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/2CH.401/) - next →: [2 Chronicles 18:32 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/2CH.403/) - ↑ back to [2 Chronicles 18:31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/2CH.18.31/)