---
title: Daniel 4:18 (JPS 1917) — whose leaves were fair, and the fruit thereof much, and in it was fo… · tree and pragmatics
description: whose leaves were fair, and the fruit thereof much, and in it was food for all; under which the beasts of the field dwelt, and upon whose branches the fowls of the heaven had their habitation; Who acts: leaves, beasts, fowls. Daniel 4:18 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of eve
---

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# Daniel 4:18 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
whose leaves were fair, and the fruit thereof much, and in it was food for all; under which the beasts of the field dwelt, and upon whose branches the fowls of the heaven had their habitation;

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**Who acts:** leaves, beasts, fowls · **What happens:** be, dwell, have · **To what, where:** food, fruit, habitation

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This is Daniel 4:18 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (leaves, beasts, fowls), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:DAN:127
# text = whose leaves were fair, and the fruit thereof much, and in it was food for all; under which the beasts of the field dwelt, and upon whose branches the fowls of the heaven had their habitation;
1	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	leaves	leaf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	fair	fair	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	fruit	fruit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
9	thereof	thereof	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
10	much	much	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obl	_	_
15	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
16	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
17	for	for	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	all	all	PRON	DT	PronType=Tot	16	obl	_	_
19	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	27	punct	_	_
20	under	under	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	27	obl	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	beasts	beast	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	nsubj	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	field	field	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	_
27	dwelt	dwell	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	acl:relcl	_	_
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	38	punct	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	38	cc	_	_
30	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	32	nmod:poss	_	_
32	branches	branch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	38	obl	_	_
33	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
34	fowls	fowl	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	38	nsubj	_	_
35	of	of	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
36	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
37	heaven	heaven	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	nmod	_	_
38	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	27	conj	_	_
39	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	40	nmod:poss	_	_
40	habitation	habitation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	38	obj	_	_
41	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed voice=character

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | leaves |  |  |  |  | fair *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | past | leaves *not said here* | food |  | fruit |  | for all | tree rules |
| 3 | **dwell** | past | the beasts of the field |  |  | food |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme under which=Location |
| 4 | **have** | past | the fowls of the heaven | fowls's habitation |  |  |  | upon branches | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent habitation=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Aramaic of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=arc -->
וְעָפְיֵ֤הּ שַׁפִּיר֙ וְאִנְבֵּ֣הּ שַׂגִּ֔יא וּמָז֨וֹן לְכֹ֖לָּא־בֵ֑הּ תְּחֹת֗וֹהִי תְּדוּר֙ חֵיוַ֣ת בָּרָ֔א וּבְעַנְפ֕וֹהִי יִשְׁכְּנָ֖ן צִפֲּרֵ֥י שְׁמַיָּֽא׃

[Daniel 4:18: the Aramaic tree, its pragmatics →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/DAN.4.18/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:DAN:127` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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- ↑ back to [Daniel 4:18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/DAN.4.18/)