---
title: Ecclesiastes 4:15 (JPS 1917) — I saw all the living that walk under the sun, that they were with th… · tree and pragmatics
description: I saw all the living that walk under the sun, that they were with the child, the second, that was to stand up in his stead. Who acts: I, living, vanity, second. Ecclesiastes 4:15 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Ecclesiastes 4:15 · JPS 1917

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I saw all the living that walk under the sun, that they were with the child, the second, that was to stand up in his stead.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** I, living, vanity, second · **What happens:** see, walk, be · **To what, where:** living, sun, stead

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This is Ecclesiastes 4:15 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I, living, vanity, second), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:ECC:88
# text = I saw all the living that walk under the sun, that they were with the child, the second, that was to stand up in his stead.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	5	det:predet	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	living	living	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	walk	walk	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	under	under	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	sun	sun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
12	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
13	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
14	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
15	with	with	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	child	child	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	acl	_	_
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	second	second	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	appos	_	_
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
22	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	25	nsubj	_	_
23	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	cop	_	_
24	to	to	PART	TO	_	25	mark	_	_
25	stand	stand	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	acl:relcl	_	_
26	up	up	ADP	RP	_	25	compound:prt	_	_
27	in	in	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	29	nmod:poss	_	_
29	stead	stead	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	_
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | I | all living |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer living=Stimulus |
| 2 | **walk** | present | all living |  |  | the sun |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme under sun=Trajectory |
| 3 | **is** | past | vanity | all living *not said here* |  |  |  | with the child | tree rules |
| 4 | **is** | past | the second |  |  | child's stead |  | stand *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
רָאִ֙יתִי֙ אֶת־כָּל־הַ֣חַיִּ֔ים הַֽמְהַלְּכִ֖ים תַּ֣חַת הַשָּׁ֑מֶשׁ עִ֚ם הַיֶּ֣לֶד הַשֵּׁנִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֥ר יַעֲמֹ֖ד תַּחְתָּֽיו׃

[Ecclesiastes 4:15: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and the Targum →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/ECC.4.15/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:ECC:88` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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