---
title: Ezra 4:18 (JPS 1917) — the letter which ye sent unto us hath been plainly read before me. · tree and pragmatics
description: the letter which ye sent unto us hath been plainly read before me. Who acts: ye. Ezra 4:18 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Ezra 4:18 · JPS 1917

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the letter which ye sent unto us hath been plainly read before me.

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**Who acts:** ye · **What happens:** send, read · **To what, where:** letter

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This is Ezra 4:18 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (ye), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:EZR:113
# text = the letter which ye sent unto us hath been plainly read before me.
1	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	5	obj	_	_
4	ye	ye	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	5	nsubj	_	_
5	sent	send	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
6	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	obl	_	_
8	hath	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
9	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	11	aux:pass	_	_
10	plainly	plainly	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	read	read	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
12	before	before	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	11	obl	_	_
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: evaluate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: pos
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **send** | past | ye | the letter |  |  |  | unto us | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent which=Theme |
| 2 | **read** | present · perfect · passive |  | the letter |  |  | before me | plainly *property* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Aramaic of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=arc -->
נִשְׁתְּוָנָ֕א דִּ֥י שְׁלַחְתּ֖וּן עֲלֶ֑ינָא מְפָרַ֥שׁ קֱרִ֖י קָדָמָֽי׃

[Ezra 4:18: the Aramaic tree, its pragmatics →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/EZR.4.18/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:EZR:113` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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