---
title: Ezra 4:20 (JPS 1917) — There have been mighty kings also over Jerusalem, who have ruled ove… · tree and pragmatics
description: There have been mighty kings also over Jerusalem, who have ruled over all the country beyond the River; and tribute, impost, and toll, was paid unto them. Who acts: mighty kings. Ezra 4:20 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Ezra 4:20 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There have been mighty kings also over Jerusalem, who have ruled over all the country beyond the River; and tribute, impost, and toll, was paid unto them.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** mighty kings · **What happens:** be, rule, pay · **To what, where:** Jerusalem, country, tribute

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This is Ezra 4:20 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (mighty kings), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:EZR:115
# text = There have been mighty kings also over Jerusalem, who have ruled over all the country beyond the River; and tribute, impost, and toll, was paid unto them.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	3	expl	_	_
2	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	been	be	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	mighty	mighty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	kings	king	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
6	also	also	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
7	over	over	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Jerusalem	Jerusalem	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
11	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
12	ruled	rule	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	acl:relcl	_	_
13	over	over	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	16	det:predet	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
17	beyond	beyond	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	River	River	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	_
20	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	30	punct	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
22	tribute	tribute	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nsubj:pass	_	_
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
24	impost	impost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	conj	_	_
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
27	toll	toll	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	conj	_	_
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
29	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	30	aux:pass	_	_
30	paid	pay	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	parataxis	_	_
31	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	30	obl	_	_
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present · perfect | mighty kings |  |  | Jerusalem; there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over jerusalem=Location |
| 2 | **rule** | present · perfect | mighty kings |  |  | all country beyond the River |  |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **pay** | past · passive |  | tribute and impost and toll |  |  |  | unto rebellion | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Asset |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Aramaic of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=arc -->
וּמַלְכִ֣ין תַּקִּיפִ֗ין הֲווֹ֙ עַל־יְר֣וּשְׁלֶ֔ם וְשַׁ֨לִּיטִ֔ין בְּכֹ֖ל עֲבַ֣ר נַהֲרָ֑ה וּמִדָּ֥ה בְל֛וֹ וַהֲלָ֖ךְ מִתְיְהֵ֥ב לְהֽוֹן׃

[Ezra 4:20: the Aramaic tree, its pragmatics →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/EZR.4.20/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:EZR:115` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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- ← previous: [Ezra 4:19 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/EZR.114/)
- next →: [Ezra 4:21 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/EZR.116/)
- ↑ back to [Ezra 4:20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/EZR.4.20/)