---
title: Job 31:16 (JPS 1917) — If I have withheld aught that the poor desired, or have caused the e… · tree and pragmatics
description: If I have withheld aught that the poor desired, or have caused the eyes of the widow to fail; Who acts: I, poor, eyes. Job 31:16 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Job 31:16 · JPS 1917

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If I have withheld aught that the poor desired, or have caused the eyes of the widow to fail;

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**Who acts:** I, poor, eyes · **What happens:** withhold, desire, cause, fail · **To what, where:** aught, eyes

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This is Job 31:16 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I, poor, eyes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:JOB:797
# text = If I have withheld aught that the poor desired, or have caused the eyes of the widow to fail;
1	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	withheld	withhold	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	aught	aught	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	obj	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	poor	poor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	desired	desire	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	conj	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	widow	widow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	_
19	to	to	PART	TO	_	20	mark	_	_
20	fail	fail	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	xcomp	_	_
21	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: character
- polarity: neg
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **withhold** | present · perfect | I | aught |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **desire** | past | the poor | aught |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot that=Theme |
| 3 | **cause** | present · perfect | I *not said here* | the eyes of the widow |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **fail** | to-infinitive | the eyes of the widow *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
אִם־אֶ֭מְנַע מֵחֵ֣פֶץ דַּלִּ֑ים וְעֵינֵ֖י אַלְמָנָ֣ה אֲכַלֶּֽה׃

[Job 31:16: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and the Targum →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/JOB.31.16/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JOB:797` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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