---
title: Lamentations 1:1 (JPS 1917) — HOW DOTH the city sit solitary, that was full of people! · tree and pragmatics
description: HOW DOTH the city sit solitary, that was full of people! Who acts: city. Lamentations 1:1 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Lamentations 1:1 · JPS 1917, sentence 1 of 3

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HOW DOTH the city sit solitary, that was full of people!

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**Who acts:** city · **What happens:** sit, be

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This is Lamentations 1:1 · JPS 1917, sentence 1 of 3 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (city), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:LAM:0
# text = HOW DOTH the city sit solitary, that was full of people!
1	HOW	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	5	advmod	_	_
2	DOTH	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	sit	sit	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	solitary	solitary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	_
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
9	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	acl:relcl	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	_
13	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: exclamation
- act: express
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | present · do-support | the city |  |  |  |  | solitary *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | past | the city |  |  |  |  | of people; full *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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אֵיכָ֣ה ׀ יָשְׁבָ֣ה בָדָ֗ד הָעִיר֙ רַבָּ֣תִי עָ֔ם הָיְתָ֖ה כְּאַלְמָנָ֑ה רַּבָּ֣תִיבַגּוֹיִ֗ם שָׂרָ֙תִי֙ בַּמְּדִינ֔וֹת הָיְתָ֖ה לָמַֽס׃ס

[Lamentations 1:1: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and the Targum →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.1.1/)

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This verse in JPS 1917:

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1. **HOW DOTH the city sit solitary, that was full of people!**
2. [How is she become as a widow!](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.1/)
3. [She that was great among the nations, and princess among the provinces, how is she become tributary!](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.2/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:LAM:0` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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