---
title: Lamentations 1:2 (JPS 1917) — She weepeth sore in the night, and her tears are on her cheeks; she… · tree and pragmatics
description: She weepeth sore in the night, and her tears are on her cheeks; she hath none to comfort her among all her lovers; all her friends have dealt treacherously with her, they are become her enemies. Who acts: city, tears, friends. Lamentations 1:2 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics 
---

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# Lamentations 1:2 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She weepeth sore in the night, and her tears are on her cheeks; she hath none to comfort her among all her lovers; all her friends have dealt treacherously with her, they are become her enemies.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** city, tears, friends · **What happens:** weep, be, have, comfort, deal, become · **To what, where:** cheeks, none, city, enemies

<!-- .vabout -->
This is Lamentations 1:2 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (city, tears, friends), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:LAM:3
# text = She weepeth sore in the night, and her tears are on her cheeks; she hath none to comfort her among all her lovers; all her friends have dealt treacherously with her, they are become her enemies.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	weepeth	weep	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	sore	sore	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
9	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	tears	tear	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj	_	_
11	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
12	on	on	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	cheeks	cheek	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
15	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	17	punct	_	_
16	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
17	hath	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
18	none	none	PRON	NN	PronType=Neg	17	obj	_	_
19	to	to	PART	TO	_	20	mark	_	_
20	comfort	comfort	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	acl	_	_
21	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	obj	_	_
22	among	among	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
23	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	25	det:predet	_	_
24	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	25	nmod:poss	_	_
25	lovers	lover	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obl	_	_
26	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	31	punct	_	_
27	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	29	det:predet	_	_
28	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	29	nmod:poss	_	_
29	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	31	nsubj	_	_
30	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	31	aux	_	_
31	dealt	deal	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	parataxis	_	_
32	treacherously	treacherously	ADV	RB	_	31	advmod	_	_
33	with	with	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
34	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	31	obl	_	_
35	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	38	punct	_	_
36	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	38	nsubj	_	_
37	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	38	aux	_	_
38	become	become	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	parataxis	_	_
39	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	40	nmod:poss	_	_
40	enemies	enemy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	38	xcomp	_	_
41	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **weep** | present | city |  |  |  | night | sore *property* | vn breathe-40.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | city's tears |  |  | city's cheeks |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **have** | present | city | none |  |  |  | among city's lovers | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent none=Patient |
| 4 | **comfort** | to-infinitive | city *not said here* | city |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus she=Experiencer |
| 5 | **deal** | present · perfect | city's friends |  |  |  |  | with city; treacherously *property* | vn cope-83 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent with she=Theme |
| 6 | **become** | present · passive | friends *= friend* | city's enemies |  |  |  |  | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
בָּכ֨וֹ תִבְכֶּ֜ה בַּלַּ֗יְלָה וְדִמְעָתָהּ֙ עַ֣ל לֶֽחֱיָ֔הּ אֵֽין־לָ֥הּ מְנַחֵ֖ם מִכָּל־אֹהֲבֶ֑יהָ כָּל־רֵעֶ֙יהָ֙ בָּ֣גְדוּ בָ֔הּ הָ֥יוּ לָ֖הּ לְאֹיְבִֽים׃ס

[Lamentations 1:2: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and the Targum →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.1.2/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:LAM:3` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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