---
title: Lamentations 2:5 (JPS 1917) — The Lord is become as an enemy, He hath swallowed up Israel; He hath… · tree and pragmatics
description: The Lord is become as an enemy, He hath swallowed up Israel; He hath swallowed up all her palaces, He hath destroyed his strongholds; and He hath multiplied in the daughter of Judah mourning and moaning. Who acts: Lord. Lamentations 2:5 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of ever
---

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# Lamentations 2:5 · JPS 1917

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The Lord is become as an enemy, He hath swallowed up Israel; He hath swallowed up all her palaces, He hath destroyed his strongholds; and He hath multiplied in the daughter of Judah mourning and moaning.

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**Who acts:** Lord · **What happens:** become, swallow up, destroy, multiply · **To what, where:** Israel, palaces, strongholds, mourning

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This is Lamentations 2:5 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Lord), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:LAM:31
# text = The Lord is become as an enemy, He hath swallowed up Israel; He hath swallowed up all her palaces, He hath destroyed his strongholds; and He hath multiplied in the daughter of Judah mourning and moaning.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Lord	Lord	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	become	become	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	as	as	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	enemy	enemy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
10	hath	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	swallowed	swallow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	parataxis	_	_
12	up	up	ADP	RP	_	11	compound:prt	_	_
13	Israel	Israel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	17	punct	_	_
15	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
16	hath	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux	_	_
17	swallowed	swallow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	11	conj	_	_
18	up	up	ADP	RP	_	17	compound:prt	_	_
19	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	21	det:predet	_	_
20	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	21	nmod:poss	_	_
21	palaces	palace	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obj	_	_
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
23	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	_
24	hath	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	25	aux	_	_
25	destroyed	destroy	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	11	conj	_	_
26	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	27	nmod:poss	_	_
27	strongholds	stronghold	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	obj	_	_
28	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	32	punct	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
30	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	32	nsubj	_	_
31	hath	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	32	aux	_	_
32	multiplied	multiply	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	11	conj	_	_
33	in	in	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	daughter	daughter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	obl	_	_
36	of	of	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
37	Judah	Judah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	35	nmod	_	_
38	mourning	mourning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	obj	_	_
39	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	40	cc	_	_
40	moaning	moaning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	38	conj	_	_
41	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: neg
- teacher: changed polarity=neg

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | present · passive | the Lord |  |  |  |  | as a enemy | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **swallow up** | present · perfect | Lord | Israel |  |  |  |  | vn gobble-39.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent israel=Patient |
| 3 | **swallow up** | present · perfect | Lord | Israel's palaces |  |  |  |  | vn gobble-39.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent palace=Patient |
| 4 | **destroy** | present · perfect | Lord | Lord's strongholds |  |  |  |  | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stronghold=Patient |
| 5 | **multiply** | present · perfect | Lord | mourning and moaning |  |  |  | in the daughter of Judah | vn multiply-108-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mourning=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
הָיָ֨ה אֲדֹנָ֤י ׀ כְּאוֹיֵב֙ בִּלַּ֣ע יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל בִּלַּע֙ כָּל־אַרְמְנוֹתֶ֔יהָ שִׁחֵ֖ת מִבְצָרָ֑יו וַיֶּ֙רֶב֙ בְּבַת־יְהוּדָ֔ה תַּאֲנִיָּ֖ה וַאֲנִיָּֽה׃ס

[Lamentations 2:5: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and the Targum →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.2.5/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:LAM:31` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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