---
title: Lamentations 2:10 (JPS 1917) — They sit upon the ground, and keep silence, the elders of the daught… · tree and pragmatics
description: They sit upon the ground, and keep silence, the elders of the daughter of Zion; they have cast up dust upon their heads, they have girded themselves with sackcloth; the virgins of Jerusalem hang down their heads to the ground. Who acts: prophets, virgins. Lamentations 2:10 in JPS 1917 with its depen
---

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# Lamentations 2:10 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They sit upon the ground, and keep silence, the elders of the daughter of Zion; they have cast up dust upon their heads, they have girded themselves with sackcloth; the virgins of Jerusalem hang down their heads to the ground.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** prophets, virgins · **What happens:** sit, keep, cast up, gird, hang down · **To what, where:** ground, silence, dust, heads, prophets

<!-- .vabout -->
This is Lamentations 2:10 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (prophets, virgins), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:LAM:36
# text = They sit upon the ground, and keep silence, the elders of the daughter of Zion; they have cast up dust upon their heads, they have girded themselves with sackcloth; the virgins of Jerusalem hang down their heads to the ground.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sit	sit	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	keep	keep	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
9	silence	silence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	elders	elder	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	appos	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	daughter	daughter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	Zion	Zion	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	_
18	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	21	punct	_	_
19	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
20	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
21	cast	cast	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	parataxis	_	_
22	up	up	ADP	RP	_	21	compound:prt	_	_
23	dust	dust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obj	_	_
24	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	26	nmod:poss	_	_
26	heads	head	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	obl	_	_
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
28	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	30	nsubj	_	_
29	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	30	aux	_	_
30	girded	gird	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	21	conj	_	_
31	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	30	obj	_	_
32	with	with	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
33	sackcloth	sackcloth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	obl	_	_
34	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	39	punct	_	_
35	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	virgins	virgin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	39	nsubj	_	_
37	of	of	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
38	Jerusalem	Jerusalem	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	36	nmod	_	_
39	hang	hang	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
40	down	down	ADP	RP	_	39	compound:prt	_	_
41	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	42	nmod:poss	_	_
42	heads	head	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	39	obj	_	_
43	to	to	ADP	IN	_	45	case	_	_
44	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	45	det	_	_
45	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	39	obl	_	_
46	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | present | prophets *= prophet* |  |  | the ground |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent upon ground=Location |
| 2 | **keep** | present | prophets *= prophet* *not said here* | silence |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent silence=Theme |
| 3 | **cast up** | present · perfect | prophets *= prophet* | dust |  | prophets's heads |  |  | vn throw-17.1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent dust=Theme upon head=Destination |
| 4 | **gird** | present · perfect | prophets *= prophet* | prophets *= prophet* |  |  |  | with sackcloth | tree rules |
| 5 | **hang down** | present | the virgins of Jerusalem | prophets's heads |  |  |  | to the ground *result* | vn poison-42.2 «NP V NP PP.result»: agent=Agent head=Patient to ground=Result |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
יֵשְׁב֨וּ לָאָ֤רֶץ יִדְּמוּ֙ זִקְנֵ֣י בַת־צִיּ֔וֹן הֶֽעֱל֤וּ עָפָר֙ עַל־רֹאשָׁ֔ם חָגְר֖וּ שַׂקִּ֑ים הוֹרִ֤ידוּ לָאָ֙רֶץ֙ רֹאשָׁ֔ן בְּתוּלֹ֖ת יְרוּשָׁלִָֽם׃ס

[Lamentations 2:10: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and the Targum →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.2.10/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:LAM:36` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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- ← previous: [Lamentations 2:9 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.35/)
- next →: [Lamentations 2:11 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.37/)
- ↑ back to [Lamentations 2:10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.2.10/)