---
title: Lamentations 2:16 (JPS 1917) — All thine enemies have opened their mouth wide against thee; they hi… · tree and pragmatics
description: All thine enemies have opened their mouth wide against thee; they hiss and gnash the teeth; they say: 'We have swallowed her up; certainly this is the day that we looked for; we have found, we have seen it.' Who acts: enemies, prophets, We, this. Lamentations 2:16 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tre
---

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# Lamentations 2:16 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
All thine enemies have opened their mouth wide against thee; they hiss and gnash the teeth; they say: 'We have swallowed her up; certainly this is the day that we looked for; we have found, we have seen it.'

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**Who acts:** enemies, prophets, We, this · **What happens:** open, hiss, gnash, say, swallow up, be · **To what, where:** mouth, thee, teeth, enemy, day · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is Lamentations 2:16 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (enemies, prophets, We, this), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:LAM:45
# text = All thine enemies have opened their mouth wide against thee; they hiss and gnash the teeth; they say: 'We have swallowed her up; certainly this is the day that we looked for; we have found, we have seen it.'
1	All	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	3	det:predet	_	_
2	thine	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	enemies	enemy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	opened	open	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	mouth	mouth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	wide	wide	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
9	against	against	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	5	obl	_	_
11	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
12	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	hiss	hiss	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	gnash	gnash	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	conj	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	teeth	tooth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obj	_	_
18	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
19	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
20	say	say	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
21	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	25	punct	_	_
22	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	25	punct	_	_
23	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	_
24	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	25	aux	_	_
25	swallowed	swallow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	20	ccomp	_	_
26	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	obj	_	_
27	up	up	ADP	RP	_	25	compound:prt	_	_
28	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	33	punct	_	_
29	certainly	certainly	ADV	RB	_	33	advmod	_	_
30	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	33	nsubj	_	_
31	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	33	cop	_	_
32	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	ccomp	_	_
34	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	36	obj	_	_
35	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	36	nsubj	_	_
36	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	33	acl:relcl	_	_
37	for	for	ADP	IN	_	36	obl	_	_
38	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	41	punct	_	_
39	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	41	nsubj	_	_
40	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	41	aux	_	_
41	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	20	ccomp	_	_
42	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	45	punct	_	_
43	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	45	nsubj	_	_
44	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	45	aux	_	_
45	seen	see	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	41	conj	_	_
46	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	45	obj	_	_
47	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
48	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: character
- polarity: pos
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **open** | present · perfect | thine enemies | prophets's mouth |  | thee |  | wide *property* | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V NP.theme PP»: agent=Agent mouth=Theme against thou=Location |
| 2 | **hiss** | present | prophets *= prophet* |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **gnash** | present | prophets *= prophet* *not said here* | the teeth |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tooth=Patient |
| 4 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | prophets *= prophet* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 5 | **swallow up** | present · perfect | We | enemy |  |  |  |  | vn gobble-39.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent she=Patient |
| 6 | **is a** | present | this | the day |  |  |  | certainly *property* | tree rules |
| 7 | **look** | past | we | the day |  |  |  |  | vn seem-109-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme that=Attribute |
| 8 | **find** | present · perfect | we |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |
| 9 | **see** | present · perfect | we | mouth |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
פָּצ֨וּ עָלַ֤יִךְ פִּיהֶם֙ כָּל־א֣וֹיְבַ֔יִךְ שָֽׁרְקוּ֙ וַיַּֽחַרְקוּ־שֵׁ֔ן אָמְר֖וּ בִּלָּ֑עְנוּ אַ֣ךְ זֶ֥ה הַיּ֛וֹם שֶׁקִּוִּינֻ֖הוּ מָצָ֥אנוּ רָאִֽינוּ׃ס

[Lamentations 2:16: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and the Targum →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.2.16/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:LAM:45` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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