---
title: Lamentations 1:4 (JPS 1917) — The ways of Zion do mourn, because none come to the solemn assembly;… · tree and pragmatics
description: The ways of Zion do mourn, because none come to the solemn assembly; all her gates are desolate, her priests sigh; her virgins are afflicted, and she herself is in bitterness. Who acts: ways, none, gates, priests. Lamentations 1:4 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clau
---

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# Lamentations 1:4 · JPS 1917

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The ways of Zion do mourn, because none come to the solemn assembly; all her gates are desolate, her priests sigh; her virgins are afflicted, and she herself is in bitterness.

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**Who acts:** ways, none, gates, priests, city · **What happens:** mourn, come, be, sigh, afflict · **To what, where:** solemn assembly, virgins, bitterness

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This is Lamentations 1:4 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (ways, none, gates, priests), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:LAM:5
# text = The ways of Zion do mourn, because none come to the solemn assembly; all her gates are desolate, her priests sigh; her virgins are afflicted, and she herself is in bitterness.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ways	way	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Zion	Zion	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	mourn	mourn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
9	none	none	PRON	NN	PronType=Neg	10	nsubj	_	_
10	come	come	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	advcl	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	solemn	solemn	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	assembly	assembly	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
15	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
16	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	18	det:predet	_	_
17	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	gates	gate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nsubj	_	_
19	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	cop	_	_
20	desolate	desolate	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	parataxis	_	_
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
22	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	23	nmod:poss	_	_
23	priests	priest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	nsubj	_	_
24	sigh	sigh	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
25	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	29	punct	_	_
26	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	27	nmod:poss	_	_
27	virgins	virgin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	nsubj:pass	_	_
28	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	29	aux:pass	_	_
29	afflicted	afflict	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	parataxis	_	_
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
31	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	36	cc	_	_
32	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	36	nsubj	_	_
33	herself	herself	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Emp|Reflex=Yes	32	nmod	_	_
34	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	36	cop	_	_
35	in	in	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
36	bitterness	bitterness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	parataxis	_	_
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mourn** | present · do-support | the ways of Zion |  |  |  |  |  | vn marvel-31.3 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **come** | present | none |  |  | the solemn assembly |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to assembly=Initial\_Location |
| 3 | **is** | present | city's gates |  |  |  |  | desolate *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **sigh** | present | city's priests |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **afflict** | present · passive |  | city's virgins |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Experiencer |
| 6 | **is** | present | city |  |  | bitterness |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
דַּרְכֵ֨י צִיּ֜וֹן אֲבֵל֗וֹת מִבְּלִי֙ בָּאֵ֣י מוֹעֵ֔ד כָּל־שְׁעָרֶ֙יהָ֙ שֽׁוֹמֵמִ֔ין כֹּהֲנֶ֖יהָ נֶאֱנָחִ֑ים בְּתוּלֹתֶ֥יהָ נּוּג֖וֹתוְהִ֥יא מַר־לָֽהּ׃ס

[Lamentations 1:4: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and the Targum →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.1.4/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:LAM:5` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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