--- title: Lamentations 2:21 (JPS 1917) — The youth and the old man lie on the ground in the streets; my virgi… · tree and pragmatics description: The youth and the old man lie on the ground in the streets; my virgins and my young men are fallen by the sword; Thou hast slain them in the day of Thine anger; Thou hast slaughtered unsparingly. Who acts: youth, sword, Thou, Thine. Lamentations 2:21 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the prag --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.52/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Ketuvim](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/) / [Lamentations](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/) / [chapter 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM/2/) / [2:21](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.2.21/) / JPS 1 # Lamentations 2:21 · JPS 1917 The youth and the old man lie on the ground in the streets; my virgins and my young men are fallen by the sword; Thou hast slain them in the day of Thine anger; Thou hast slaughtered unsparingly. **Who acts:** youth, sword, Thou, Thine · **What happens:** lie, fall, slay, slaughter, anger · **To what, where:** ground, virgins This is Lamentations 2:21 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (youth, sword, Thou, Thine), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = jps:LAM:52 # text = The youth and the old man lie on the ground in the streets; my virgins and my young men are fallen by the sword; Thou hast slain them in the day of Thine anger; Thou hast slaughtered unsparingly. 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 youth youth NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 nsubj _ _ 3 and and CCONJ CC _ 6 cc _ _ 4 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 6 det _ _ 5 old old ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 6 amod _ _ 6 man man NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 conj _ _ 7 lie lie VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 8 on on ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 9 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 10 det _ _ 10 ground ground NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 obl _ _ 11 in in ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 12 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 13 det _ _ 13 streets street NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 obl _ _ 14 ; ; PUNCT : _ 22 punct _ _ 15 my my PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 16 nmod:poss _ _ 16 virgins virgin NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 nsubj:pass _ _ 17 and and CCONJ CC _ 20 cc _ _ 18 my my PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 20 nmod:poss _ _ 19 young young ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 20 amod _ _ 20 men man NOUN NNS Number=Plur 16 conj _ _ 21 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 22 aux:pass _ _ 22 fallen fall VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 7 conj _ _ 23 by by ADP IN _ 25 case _ _ 24 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 25 det _ _ 25 sword sword NOUN NN Number=Sing 22 obl _ _ 26 ; ; PUNCT : _ 29 punct _ _ 27 Thou thou PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch 29 nsubj _ _ 28 hast have AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 29 aux _ _ 29 slain slay VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 7 conj _ _ 30 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 29 obj _ _ 31 in in ADP IN _ 33 case _ _ 32 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 33 det _ _ 33 day day NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 obl _ _ 34 of of ADP IN _ 36 case _ _ 35 Thine thy PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch 36 nmod:poss _ _ 36 anger anger NOUN NN Number=Sing 33 nmod _ _ 37 ; ; PUNCT : _ 40 punct _ _ 38 Thou thou PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch 40 nsubj _ _ 39 hast have AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 40 aux _ _ 40 slaughtered slaughter VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 7 conj _ _ 41 unsparingly unsparingly ADV RB _ 40 advmod _ _ 42 . . PUNCT . _ 7 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed act=narrate | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **lie** | present | the youth and the old man | | | the ground | | in the streets | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on ground=Location | | 2 | **fall** | present · passive | the sword | my virgins and my young men | | | | | vn become-109.1-1 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Patient subject=Result | | 3 | **slay** | present · perfect | Thou | virgins *= virgin* | | | day | | vn murder-42.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient | | 4 | **slaughter** | present · perfect | Thou | | | | | unsparingly *property* | vn murder-42.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | | 5 | **anger** | | Thine | | | | | | nom anger «feeling intransitive»: poss=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew} שָׁכְב֨וּ לָאָ֤רֶץ חוּצוֹת֙ נַ֣עַר וְזָקֵ֔ן בְּתוּלֹתַ֥י וּבַחוּרַ֖י נָפְל֣וּ בֶחָ֑רֶב הָרַ֙גְתָּ֙ בְּי֣וֹם אַפֶּ֔ךָ טָבַ֖חְתָּ לֹ֥א חָמָֽלְתָּ׃ס [Lamentations 2:21: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and the Targum →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.2.21/) **Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:LAM:52` of Mova's parse database. **The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter. - ← previous: [Lamentations 2:20 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.51/) - next →: [Lamentations 2:22 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/jps/LAM.53/) - ↑ back to [Lamentations 2:21](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.2.21/)