---
title: Lamentations 3:2 (JPS 1917) — He hath led me and caused me to walk in darkness and not in light. · tree and pragmatics
description: He hath led me and caused me to walk in darkness and not in light. Who acts: man, me. Lamentations 3:2 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Lamentations 3:2 · JPS 1917

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He hath led me and caused me to walk in darkness and not in light.

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**Who acts:** man, me · **What happens:** lead, cause, walk · **To what, where:** me, darkness

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This is Lamentations 3:2 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (man, me), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:LAM:55
# text = He hath led me and caused me to walk in darkness and not in light.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	hath	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	led	lead	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	caused	cause	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
7	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	walk	walk	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	darkness	darkness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
13	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	15	advmod	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lead** | present · perfect | man | me |  |  |  |  | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Theme |
| 2 | **cause** | past | man *not said here* | me |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **walk** | to-infinitive | me *not said here* |  |  | darkness and light |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in darkness=Trajectory |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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אוֹתִ֥י נָהַ֛ג וַיֹּלַ֖ךְ חֹ֥שֶׁךְ וְלֹא־אֽוֹר׃

[Lamentations 3:2: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and the Targum →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.3.2/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:LAM:55` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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