---
title: Lamentations 1:8 (JPS 1917) — Jerusalem hath grievously sinned, therefore she is become as one unc… · tree and pragmatics
description: Jerusalem hath grievously sinned, therefore she is become as one unclean; all that honoured her despise her, because they have seen her nakedness; she herself also sigheth, and turneth backward. Who acts: Jerusalem, all, people. Lamentations 1:8 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatic
---

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# Lamentations 1:8 · JPS 1917

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Jerusalem hath grievously sinned, therefore she is become as one unclean; all that honoured her despise her, because they have seen her nakedness; she herself also sigheth, and turneth backward.

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**Who acts:** Jerusalem, all, people · **What happens:** sin, become, honour, despise, see, sigh · **To what, where:** Jerusalem, nakedness

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This is Lamentations 1:8 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Jerusalem, all, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:LAM:9
# text = Jerusalem hath grievously sinned, therefore she is become as one unclean; all that honoured her despise her, because they have seen her nakedness; she herself also sigheth, and turneth backward.
1	Jerusalem	Jerusalem	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	hath	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	grievously	grievously	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	sinned	sin	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
6	therefore	therefore	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
7	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	become	become	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	parataxis	_	_
10	as	as	ADP	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
11	one	one	PRON	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
12	unclean	unclean	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	_
13	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
14	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	18	nsubj	_	_
15	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	16	nsubj	_	_
16	honoured	honour	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	acl:relcl	_	_
17	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obj	_	_
18	despise	despise	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
19	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	obj	_	_
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
21	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	24	mark	_	_
22	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
23	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	24	aux	_	_
24	seen	see	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	18	advcl	_	_
25	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	26	nmod:poss	_	_
26	nakedness	nakedness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	_
27	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	31	punct	_	_
28	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	31	nsubj	_	_
29	herself	herself	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	28	nmod	_	_
30	also	also	ADV	RB	_	31	advmod	_	_
31	sigheth	sigh	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
33	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
34	turneth	turn	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	31	conj	_	_
35	backward	backward	ADV	RB	_	34	advmod	_	_
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed voice=character

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sin** | present · perfect | Jerusalem |  |  |  |  | grievously *property* | vn rebel-71.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **become** | present · passive | Jerusalem |  |  |  |  | therefore, unclean *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **honour** | past |  | Jerusalem |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **despise** | present | all | Jerusalem |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer she=Stimulus |
| 5 | **see** | present · perfect | people | Jerusalem's nakedness |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer nakedness=Stimulus |
| 6 | **sigh** | present | Jerusalem |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 7 | **turn** | present | Jerusalem *not said here* |  |  |  |  | backward *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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חֵ֤טְא חָֽטְאָה֙ יְר֣וּשָׁלִַ֔ם עַל־כֵּ֖ן לְנִידָ֣ה הָיָ֑תָה כָּֽל־מְכַבְּדֶ֤יהָ הִזִּיל֙וּהָ֙ כִּי־רָא֣וּ עֶרְוָתָ֔הּ גַּם־הִ֥יא נֶאֶנְחָ֖ה וַתָּ֥שָׁב אָחֽוֹר׃ס

[Lamentations 1:8: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and the Targum →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.1.8/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:LAM:9` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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