---
title: Psalms 105:28 (JPS 1917) — He sent darkness, and it was dark; and they rebelled not against His… · tree and pragmatics
description: He sent darkness, and it was dark; and they rebelled not against His word. Who acts: Jacob, darkness, Moses. Psalms 105:28 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Psalms 105:28 · JPS 1917

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He sent darkness, and it was dark; and they rebelled not against His word.

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**Who acts:** Jacob, darkness, Moses · **What happens:** send, be, not rebel, word · **To what, where:** darkness

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This is Psalms 105:28 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Jacob, darkness, Moses), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:PSA:1889
# text = He sent darkness, and it was dark; and they rebelled not against His word.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sent	send	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	darkness	darkness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
6	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	_
9	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	rebelled	rebel	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
13	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	12	advmod	_	_
14	against	against	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **send** | past | Jacob | darkness |  |  |  |  | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent darkness=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | past | darkness |  |  |  |  | dark *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **not** **rebel** | past | Moses |  |  |  |  | against Jacob's word | vn rebel-71.2-1 «NP V PP.maleficiary»: agent=Agent against word=Maleficiary |
| 4 | **word** |  | Jacob |  |  |  |  |  | nom word «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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שָׁ֣לַֽח חֹ֭שֶׁךְ וַיַּחְשִׁ֑ךְ וְלֹֽא־מָ֝ר֗וּ אֶת־דְּבָרֽוֹ׃

[Psalms 105:28: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and the Targum →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/PSA.105.28/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:PSA:1889` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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