---
title: Psalms 18:41 (JPS 1917) — Thou hast also made mine enemies turn their backs unto me, and I did… · tree and pragmatics
description: Thou hast also made mine enemies turn their backs unto me, and I did cut off them that hate me. Who acts: Thou, enemies, I. Psalms 18:41 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Psalms 18:41 · JPS 1917

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Thou hast also made mine enemies turn their backs unto me, and I did cut off them that hate me.

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**Who acts:** Thou, enemies, I · **What happens:** make, turn, cut off, hate · **To what, where:** backs, enemies, me

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This is Psalms 18:41 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Thou, enemies, I), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:PSA:252
# text = Thou hast also made mine enemies turn their backs unto me, and I did cut off them that hate me.
1	Thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	4	nsubj	_	_
2	hast	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	mine	mine	PRON	PRP$	Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	enemies	enemy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	turn	turn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
8	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	backs	back	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
10	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	obl	_	_
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
14	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
15	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux	_	_
16	cut	cut	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	conj	_	_
17	off	off	ADP	RP	_	16	compound:prt	_	_
18	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obj	_	_
19	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	20	nsubj	_	_
20	hate	hate	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	acl:relcl	_	_
21	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	20	obj	_	_
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: pos
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · perfect | Thou |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **turn** | infinitive | mine enemies | enemies's backs |  |  |  | unto me | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent back=Theme |
| 3 | **cut off** | past · do-support | I | enemies *= enemy* |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Affector they=Eventuality |
| 4 | **hate** | present |  | me |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer i=Stimulus |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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וְֽאֹיְבַ֗י נָתַ֣תָּה לִּ֣י עֹ֑רֶף וּ֝מְשַׂנְאַ֗י אַצְמִיתֵֽם׃

[Psalms 18:41: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and the Targum →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/PSA.18.41/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:PSA:252` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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