---
title: Psalms 140:3 (JPS 1917) — Who devise evil things in their heart; every day do they stir up wars. · tree and pragmatics
description: Who devise evil things in their heart; every day do they stir up wars. Who acts: things. Psalms 140:3 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Psalms 140:3 · JPS 1917

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Who devise evil things in their heart; every day do they stir up wars.

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**Who acts:** things · **What happens:** devise, stir up · **To what, where:** evil things, heart, wars

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This is Psalms 140:3 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (things), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:PSA:2554
# text = Who devise evil things in their heart; every day do they stir up wars.
1	Who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	2	nsubj	_	_
2	devise	devise	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	evil	evil	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	heart	heart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
9	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	10	det	_	_
10	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl:unmarked	_	_
11	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
12	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	stir	stir	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	parataxis	_	_
14	up	up	ADP	RP	_	13	compound:prt	_	_
15	wars	war	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	_
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **devise** | present |  | evil things |  | things's heart |  |  | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thing=Patient |
| 2 | **stir up** | present · do-support | things *= thing* | wars |  |  | day |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition war=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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אֲשֶׁ֤ר חָשְׁב֣וּ רָע֣וֹת בְּלֵ֑ב כָּל־י֝֗וֹם יָג֥וּרוּ מִלְחָמֽוֹת׃

[Psalms 140:3: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and the Targum →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/PSA.140.3/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:PSA:2554` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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