---
title: Psalms 31:14 (JPS 1917) — For I have heard the whispering of many, terror on every side; while… · tree and pragmatics
description: For I have heard the whispering of many, terror on every side; while they took counsel together against me, they devised to take away my life. Who acts: I, bones. Psalms 31:14 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Psalms 31:14 · JPS 1917

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For I have heard the whispering of many, terror on every side; while they took counsel together against me, they devised to take away my life.

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**Who acts:** I, bones · **What happens:** hear, take, devise, take away · **To what, where:** whispering, counsel, life

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This is Psalms 31:14 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I, bones), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:PSA:460
# text = For I have heard the whispering of many, terror on every side; while they took counsel together against me, they devised to take away my life.
1	For	for	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	heard	hear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	whispering	whispering	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	nmod	_	_
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	terror	terror	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	_
11	on	on	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	13	det	_	_
13	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	24	punct	_	_
15	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
16	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
17	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
18	counsel	counsel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	_
19	together	together	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
20	against	against	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	17	obl	_	_
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
23	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
24	devised	devise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
25	to	to	PART	TO	_	26	mark	_	_
26	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	24	xcomp	_	_
27	away	away	ADP	RP	_	26	compound:prt	_	_
28	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	29	nmod:poss	_	_
29	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obj	_	_
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	24	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed voice=character

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hear** | present · perfect | I | the whispering of many |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer whispering=Stimulus |
| 2 | **take** | past | bones *= bone* | counsel |  |  |  | against me; together *property* | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent counsel=Theme against i=Destination |
| 3 | **devise** | past | bones *= bone* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **take away** | to-infinitive | bones *= bone* *not said here* | my life |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent life=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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כִּ֤י שָׁמַ֨עְתִּי ׀ דִּבַּ֥ת רַבִּים֮ מָג֪וֹר מִסָּ֫בִ֥יב בְּהִוָּסְדָ֣ם יַ֣חַד עָלַ֑י לָקַ֖חַת נַפְשִׁ֣י זָמָֽמוּ׃

[Psalms 31:14: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and the Targum →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/PSA.31.14/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:PSA:460` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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