---
title: Psalms 44:20 (JPS 1917) — Though Thou hast crushed us into a place of jackals, and covered us… · tree and pragmatics
description: Though Thou hast crushed us into a place of jackals, and covered us with the shadow of death. Who acts: Thou. Psalms 44:20 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Psalms 44:20 · JPS 1917

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Though Thou hast crushed us into a place of jackals, and covered us with the shadow of death.

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**Who acts:** Thou · **What happens:** crush, cover, shadow · **To what, where:** us, place, death

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This is Psalms 44:20 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Thou), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:PSA:730
# text = Though Thou hast crushed us into a place of jackals, and covered us with the shadow of death.
1	Though	though	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
2	Thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	4	nsubj	_	_
3	hast	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	crushed	crush	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	_
6	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	jackals	jackal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	_
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	covered	cover	VERB	VBD	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	conj	_	_
14	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	13	obj	_	_
15	with	with	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	shadow	shadow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	death	death	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **crush** | present · perfect | Thou | us |  |  |  | into a place of jackals *result* | vn break-45.1 «NP V NP PP.result»: agent=Agent we=Patient into place=Result |
| 2 | **cover** | past | Thou *not said here* |  | us |  |  | with the shadow of death | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent we=Destination with shadow=Theme |
| 3 | **shadow** |  |  | death |  |  |  |  | nom shadow «state transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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כִּ֣י דִ֭כִּיתָנוּ בִּמְק֣וֹם תַּנִּ֑ים וַתְּכַ֖ס עָלֵ֣ינוּ בְצַלְמָֽוֶת׃

[Psalms 44:20: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and the Targum →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/PSA.44.20/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:PSA:730` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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