---
title: Ruth 1:14 (JPS 1917) — And they lifted up their voice, and wept again; and Orpah kissed her… · tree and pragmatics
description: And they lifted up their voice, and wept again; and Orpah kissed her mother-in-law; but Ruth cleaved unto her. Who acts: sons, Orpah, Ruth. Ruth 1:14 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Ruth 1:14 · JPS 1917

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And they lifted up their voice, and wept again; and Orpah kissed her mother-in-law; but Ruth cleaved unto her.

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**Who acts:** sons, Orpah, Ruth · **What happens:** lift up, weep, kiss, cleave · **To what, where:** voice, mother

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This is Ruth 1:14 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (sons, Orpah, Ruth), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:RUT:16
# text = And they lifted up their voice, and wept again; and Orpah kissed her mother-in-law; but Ruth cleaved unto her.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lifted	lift	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	up	up	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	wept	weep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
10	again	again	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
11	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	Orpah	Orpah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
14	kissed	kiss	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
15	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	mother	mother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
17	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	16	punct	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	20	punct	_	_
20	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	flat	_	_
21	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	24	punct	_	_
22	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
23	Ruth	Ruth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	24	nsubj	_	_
24	cleaved	cleave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
25	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	obl	_	_
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed polarity=none

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lift up** | past | sons *= son* | sons's voice |  |  |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent voice=Theme |
| 2 | **weep** | past | sons *= son* *not said here* |  |  |  | again |  | vn breathe-40.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **kiss** | past | Orpah | hand's mother |  |  |  |  | vn marry-36.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mother=Co-Agent |
| 4 | **cleave** | past | Ruth |  |  |  |  | unto hand | vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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וַתִּשֶּׂ֣נָה קוֹלָ֔ן וַתִּבְכֶּ֖ינָה ע֑וֹד וַתִּשַּׁ֤ק עָרְפָּה֙ לַחֲמוֹתָ֔הּ וְר֖וּת דָּ֥בְקָה בָּֽהּ׃

[Ruth 1:14: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and the Targum →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/RUT.1.14/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:RUT:16` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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