--- title: 1 Kings 12:4 — 'Thy father made our yoke grievous; now therefore make thou the grie… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: 'Thy father made our yoke grievous; now therefore make thou the grievous service of thy father, and his heavy yoke which he put upon us, lighter, and we will serve thee.' Who acts: father, thou, we. 1 Kings 12:4 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of ever --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI.12.4/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [1 Kings](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI/) / [chapter 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI/12/) / 12:4 # 1 Kings 12:4 מְלָכִים א **Who acts:** father, thou, we · **What happens:** make, put, serve, service · **To what, where:** yoke, grievous service, heavy yoke, thee, father This is 1 Kings 12:4 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — father, thou, we — and what happens in the verse to yoke, grievous service, heavy yoke, thee, father, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 22 chapters of 1 Kings on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. אָבִ֖יךָ הִקְשָׁ֣ה אֶת־עֻלֵּ֑נוּ וְאַתָּ֡ה עַתָּ֣ה הָקֵל֩ מֵעֲבֹדַ֨ת אָבִ֜יךָ הַקָּשָׁ֗ה וּמֵעֻלּ֧וֹ הַכָּבֵ֛ד אֲשֶׁר־נָתַ֥ן עָלֵ֖ינוּ וְנַעַבְדֶֽךָּ׃ ['Thy father made our yoke grievous; now therefore make thou the grievous service of thy father, and his heavy yoke which he put upon us, lighter, and we will serve thee.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1KI.455/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:1KI:437 # text = אָבִ֖יךָ הִקְשָׁ֣ה אֶת־עֻלֵּ֑נוּ וְאַתָּ֡ה עַתָּ֣ה הָקֵל֩ מֵעֲבֹדַ֨ת אָבִ֜יךָ הַקָּשָׁ֗ה וּמֵעֻלּ֧וֹ הַכָּבֵ֛ד אֲשֶׁר־נָתַ֥ן עָלֵ֖ינוּ וְנַעַבְדֶֽךָּ׃ # verse = 1KI.12.4 1-2 אָבִ֖יךָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 אָבִ֖י אָב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ Gloss=father|Ref=1KI_12:4!1|MId=o110120040011|Strong=0001 2 ךָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 1 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=1KI_12:4!1|MId=o110120040012|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 3 הִקְשָׁ֣ה קָשָׁה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.made.hard|Ref=1KI_12:4!2|MId=o110120040021|Strong=7185|Frame=AA:110120040011;A0:110120040041;|Type=qatal 4 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 5 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=1KI_12:4!3|MId=o110120040031|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 5-6 עֻלֵּ֑נוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 עֻלּ עֹל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 obj _ Gloss=yoke|Ref=1KI_12:4!4|MId=o110120040041|Strong=5923 6 ֵ֑נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 5 nmod:poss _ Gloss=our|Ref=1KI_12:4!4|MId=o110120040042|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 7-8 וְאַתָּ֡ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 10 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1KI_12:4!5|MId=o110120040051|Strong=2050b 8 אַתָּ֡ה אַתָּה PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 10 nsubj _ Gloss=you|Ref=1KI_12:4!5|MId=o110120040052|Strong=0859|Type=personal 9 עַתָּ֣ה עַתָּה ADV _ _ 10 advmod _ Gloss=now|Ref=1KI_12:4!6|MId=o110120040061|Strong=6258 10 הָקֵל֩ קָלַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=2 3 conj _ Gloss=lighten|Ref=1KI_12:4!7|MId=o110120040071|Strong=7043|Frame=A0:110120040052;|Type=imperative 11-12 מֵעֲבֹדַ֨ת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 מֵ מִן ADP _ _ 12 case _ Gloss=some|Ref=1KI_12:4!8|MId=o110120040081|Strong=4480 12 עֲבֹדַ֨ת עֲבֹדָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 10 obl _ Gloss=of.the.service|Ref=1KI_12:4!8|MId=o110120040082|Strong=5656 13-14 אָבִ֜יךָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 אָבִ֜י אָב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 12 compound:smixut _ Gloss=your.father|Ref=1KI_12:4!9|MId=o110120040091|Strong=0001 14 ךָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 13 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=1KI_12:4!9|MId=o110120040092|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 15-16 הַקָּשָׁ֗ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 16 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=1KI_12:4!10|MId=o110120040101|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 16 קָּשָׁ֗ה קָשֶׁה ADJ _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 12 amod _ Gloss=hard|Ref=1KI_12:4!10|MId=o110120040102|Strong=7186|Type=adjective 17-20 וּמֵעֻלּ֧וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 19 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1KI_12:4!11|MId=o110120040111|Strong=2050b 18 מֵ מִן ADP _ _ 19 case _ Gloss=some|Ref=1KI_12:4!11|MId=o110120040112|Strong=4480 19 עֻלּ עֹל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 12 conj _ Gloss=of|Ref=1KI_12:4!11|MId=o110120040113|Strong=5923 20 ֧וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 19 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his.yoke|Ref=1KI_12:4!11|MId=o110120040114|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 21-22 הַכָּבֵ֛ד _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 22 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=1KI_12:4!12|MId=o110120040121|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 22 כָּבֵ֛ד כָּבֵד ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 19 amod _ Gloss=heavy|Ref=1KI_12:4!12|MId=o110120040122|Strong=3515|Type=adjective 23 אֲשֶׁר־ אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 24 mark _ Gloss=which|Ref=1KI_12:4!13|MId=o110120040131|Strong=0834|Type=relative|SpaceAfter=No 24 נָתַ֥ן נָתַן VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 19 acl:relcl _ Gloss=he.put|Ref=1KI_12:4!14|MId=o110120040141|Strong=5414|Frame=A0:110120040091;A1:110120040113;|Type=qatal 25-26 עָלֵ֖ינוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 עָלֵ֖י עַל ADP _ _ 26 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=1KI_12:4!15|MId=o110120040151|Strong=5921 26 נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 24 obl _ Gloss=us|Ref=1KI_12:4!15|MId=o110120040152|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 27-29 וְנַעַבְדֶֽךָּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 28 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1KI_12:4!16|MId=o110120040161|Strong=2050b 28 נַעַבְד עָבַד VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=1 3 conj _ Gloss=we|Ref=1KI_12:4!16|MId=o110120040162|Strong=5647|Frame=A0:110120030061;110120030081;A1:110120040163;|Type=yiqtol 29 ֶֽךָּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 28 obj _ Gloss=will.serve.you|Ref=1KI_12:4!16|MId=o110120040163|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 30 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 29 punct _ Ref=1KI_12:4!16 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: request - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | הִקְשָׁה *he made hard* | qatal · hiphil | עֻלּ *yoke* | | | אָבִי *father* | | הָקֵל *lighten* | imperative · hiphil | אַתָּה *you* | | | | | נָתַן *he put* | qatal · qal | אָבִי *your father* | עֻלּ *of* | | | | נַעַבְד *we* | yiqtol · qal | | ֶֽךָּ *will serve you* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} אֲבוּךְ אַקְשֵׁי יַת נִירָנָא וְאַתְּ כְּעַן אֲקֵיל יַת פּוּלְחָנָא דַאֲבוּךְ קַשְׁיָא וּמִנִירֵיהּ תַּקִיפָא דִיהַב עֲלָנָא וְנַפְלְחִינָךְ: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. ['Thy father made our yoke grievous; now therefore make thou the grievous service of thy father, and his heavy yoke which he put upon us, lighter, and we will serve thee.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1KI.455/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:1KI:437`. - ← previous: [1 Kings 12:3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI.12.3/) - next →: [1 Kings 12:5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI.12.5/) - ↑ back to [1 Kings 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI/12/)