--- title: 1 Kings 2:31 — And the king said unto him: 'Do as he hath said, and fall upon him,… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And the king said unto him: 'Do as he hath said, and fall upon him, and bury him; that thou mayest take away the blood, which Joab shed without cause, from me and from my father's house. Who acts: king, thou, Joab. 1 Kings 2:31 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pr --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI.2.31/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [1 Kings](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI/) / [chapter 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI/2/) / 2:31 # 1 Kings 2:31 מְלָכִים א **Who acts:** king, thou, Joab · **What happens:** say, fall, bury, take away, shed · **To what, where:** Joab, blood · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is 1 Kings 2:31 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — king, thou, Joab — and what happens in the verse to Joab, blood, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 22 chapters of 1 Kings on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיֹּ֧אמֶר ל֣וֹ הַמֶּ֗לֶךְ עֲשֵׂה֙ כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר דִּבֶּ֔ר וּפְגַע־בּ֖וֹ וּקְבַרְתּ֑וֹ וַהֲסִירֹ֣תָ ׀ דְּמֵ֣י חִנָּ֗ם אֲשֶׁר֙ שָׁפַ֣ךְ יוֹאָ֔ב מֵעָלַ֕י וּמֵעַ֖ל בֵּ֥ית אָבִֽי׃ [And the king said unto him: 'Do as he hath said, and fall upon him, and bury him; that thou mayest take away the blood, which Joab shed without cause, from me and from my father's house.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1KI.91/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:1KI:83 # text = וַיֹּ֧אמֶר ל֣וֹ הַמֶּ֗לֶךְ עֲשֵׂה֙ כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר דִּבֶּ֔ר וּפְגַע־בּ֖וֹ וּקְבַרְתּ֑וֹ וַהֲסִירֹ֣תָ ׀ דְּמֵ֣י חִנָּ֗ם אֲשֶׁר֙ שָׁפַ֣ךְ יוֹאָ֔ב מֵעָלַ֕י וּמֵעַ֖ל בֵּ֥ית אָבִֽי׃ # verse = 1KI.2.31 1-2 וַיֹּ֧אמֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1KI_2:31!1|MId=o110020310011|Strong=2050b 2 יֹּ֧אמֶר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.said|Ref=1KI_2:31!1|MId=o110020310012|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:110020310032;|Type=wayyiqtol 3-4 ל֣וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 ל לְ ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=1KI_2:31!2|MId=o110020310021|Strong=3807a 4 ֣וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 2 obl _ Gloss=him|Ref=1KI_2:31!2|MId=o110020310022|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 5-6 הַמֶּ֗לֶךְ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 6 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=1KI_2:31!3|MId=o110020310031|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 6 מֶּ֗לֶךְ מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ Gloss=king|Ref=1KI_2:31!3|MId=o110020310032|Strong=4428 7 עֲשֵׂה֙ עָשָׂה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 2 ccomp _ Gloss=do|Ref=1KI_2:31!4|MId=o110020310041|Strong=6213|Frame=A0:110020300181;|Type=imperative 8-9 כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 כַּ כְּ ADP _ _ 7 obl _ Gloss=just|Ref=1KI_2:31!5|MId=o110020310051|Strong=3509a 9 אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 10 mark _ Gloss=as|Ref=1KI_2:31!5|MId=o110020310052|Strong=0834|Type=relative 10 דִּבֶּ֔ר דָבַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing|Person=3 8 acl:relcl _ Gloss=he.has.spoken|Ref=1KI_2:31!6|MId=o110020310061|Strong=1696|Frame=A0:110020300251;|Type=qatal 11-12 וּפְגַע־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 12 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1KI_2:31!7|MId=o110020310071|Strong=2050b 12 פְגַע־ פָּגַע VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 7 conj _ Gloss=fall|Ref=1KI_2:31!7|MId=o110020310072|Strong=6293|Frame=A0:110020300181;|Type=imperative 13-14 בּ֖וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 בּ בְּ ADP _ _ 14 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=1KI_2:31!8|MId=o110020310081|Strong=0871a 14 ֖וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 12 obl _ Gloss=him|Ref=1KI_2:31!8|MId=o110020310082|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 15-17 וּקְבַרְתּ֑וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 16 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1KI_2:31!9|MId=o110020310091|Strong=2050b 16 קְבַרְתּ קָבַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 12 conj _ Gloss=you|Ref=1KI_2:31!9|MId=o110020310092|Strong=6912|Frame=A0:110020300181;A1:110020310093;|Type=weqatal 17 ֑וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 16 obj _ Gloss=will.bury.him|Ref=1KI_2:31!9|MId=o110020310093|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 18-19 וַהֲסִירֹ֣תָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 19 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1KI_2:31!10|MId=o110020310101|Strong=2050b 19 הֲסִירֹ֣תָ סוּר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=2 7 conj _ Gloss=you.will.remove|Ref=1KI_2:31!10|MId=o110020310102|Strong=5493|Frame=AA:110020300181;A0:110020310111;|Type=weqatal 20 ׀ ׀ PUNCT _ _ 19 punct _ Ref=1KI_2:31!10 21 דְּמֵ֣י דָּם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 19 obj _ Gloss=blood(s)|Ref=1KI_2:31!11|MId=o110020310111|Strong=1818 22 חִנָּ֗ם חִנָּם ADV _ _ 21 advmod _ Gloss=of.without.cause|Ref=1KI_2:31!12|MId=o110020310121|Strong=2600 23 אֲשֶׁר֙ אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 24 mark _ Gloss=which|Ref=1KI_2:31!13|MId=o110020310131|Strong=0834|Type=relative 24 שָׁפַ֣ךְ שָׁפַךְ VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 21 acl:relcl _ Gloss=he.has.shed|Ref=1KI_2:31!14|MId=o110020310141|Strong=8210|Frame=A0:110020310151;A1:110020310111;|Type=qatal 25 יוֹאָ֔ב יוֹאָב PROPN _ _ 24 nsubj _ Gloss=Joab|Ref=1KI_2:31!15|MId=o110020310151|Strong=3097 26-28 מֵעָלַ֕י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 מֵ מִן ADP _ _ 28 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=1KI_2:31!16|MId=o110020310161|Strong=4480 27 עָל עַל ADP _ _ 28 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=1KI_2:31!16|MId=o110020310162|Strong=5921 28 ַ֕י הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 19 obl _ Gloss=me|Ref=1KI_2:31!16|MId=o110020310163|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 29-31 וּמֵעַ֖ל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 32 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1KI_2:31!17|MId=o110020310171|Strong=2050b 30 מֵ מִן ADP _ _ 32 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=1KI_2:31!17|MId=o110020310172|Strong=4480 31 עַ֖ל עַל ADP _ _ 32 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=1KI_2:31!17|MId=o110020310173|Strong=5921 32 בֵּ֥ית בַּיִת NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 28 conj _ Gloss=the.house|Ref=1KI_2:31!18|MId=o110020310181|Strong=1004 33-34 אָבִֽי _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 אָב אָב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 32 compound:smixut _ Gloss=my.father|Ref=1KI_2:31!19|MId=o110020310191|Strong=0001 34 ִֽי הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 33 nmod:poss _ Gloss=my|Ref=1KI_2:31!19|MId=o110020310192|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 35 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 34 punct _ Ref=1KI_2:31!19 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: command - act: request - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: no - the frame alone: decl · narrate · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יֹּאמֶר *he said* | wayyiqtol · qal | מֶּלֶךְ *king* | | | | | עֲשֵׂה *do* | imperative · qal | | | | | | דִּבֶּר *he has spoken* | qatal · piel | | | | | | פְגַע־ *fall* | imperative · qal | | | | | | קְבַרְתּ *you* | weqatal · qal | | וֹ *will bury him* | | | | הֲסִירֹתָ *you will remove* | weqatal · hiphil | דְּמֵי *blood(s)* | | | | | שָׁפַךְ *he has shed* | qatal · qal | יוֹאָב *Joab* | דְּמֵי *blood(s)* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ מַלְכָּא עֲבֵיד כְּמָא דְמַלֵיל וְתִשְׁלוֹט בֵּיהּ וְתִקְבְּרִינֵיהּ וּתְפַלֵי חוֹבַת דַם זַכַּאי דַאֲשַׁד יוֹאָב מַגָן מִנִי וּמִן בֵּית אַבָּא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And the king said unto him: 'Do as he hath said, and fall upon him, and bury him; that thou mayest take away the blood, which Joab shed without cause, from me and from my father's house.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1KI.91/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:1KI:83`. - ← previous: [1 Kings 2:30](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI.2.30/) - next →: [1 Kings 2:32](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI.2.32/) - ↑ back to [1 Kings 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI/2/)