--- title: 1 Kings 20:14 — And Ahab said: 'By whom?' And he said: 'Thus saith the LORD: By the… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And Ahab said: 'By whom?' And he said: 'Thus saith the LORD: By the young men of the princes of the provinces.' Then he said: 'Who shall begin the battle?' And he answered: 'Thou.' Who acts: Ahab, LORD. 1 Kings 20:14 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI.20.14/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [1 Kings](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI/) / [chapter 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI/20/) / 20:14 # 1 Kings 20:14 מְלָכִים א **Who acts:** Ahab, LORD · **What happens:** say, begin, answer · **To what, where:** battle · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is 1 Kings 20:14 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Ahab, LORD — and what happens in the verse to battle, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 22 chapters of 1 Kings on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיֹּ֤אמֶר אַחְאָב֙ בְּמִ֔י וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ כֹּֽה־אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה בְּנַעֲרֵ֖י שָׂרֵ֣י הַמְּדִינ֑וֹת וַיֹּ֛אמֶר מִֽי־יֶאְסֹ֥ר הַמִּלְחָמָ֖ה וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אָֽתָּה׃ [And Ahab said: 'By whom?' And he said: 'Thus saith the LORD: By the young men of the princes of the provinces.' Then he said: 'Who shall begin the battle?' And he answered: 'Thou.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1KI.739/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:1KI:704 # text = וַיֹּ֤אמֶר אַחְאָב֙ בְּמִ֔י וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ כֹּֽה־אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה בְּנַעֲרֵ֖י שָׂרֵ֣י הַמְּדִינ֑וֹת וַיֹּ֛אמֶר מִֽי־יֶאְסֹ֥ר הַמִּלְחָמָ֖ה וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אָֽתָּה׃ # verse = 1KI.20.14 1-2 וַיֹּ֤אמֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1KI_20:14!1|MId=o110200140011|Strong=2050b 2 יֹּ֤אמֶר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.said|Ref=1KI_20:14!1|MId=o110200140012|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:110200140021;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 אַחְאָב֙ אַחְאָב PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=Ahab|Ref=1KI_20:14!2|MId=o110200140021|Strong=0256 4-5 בְּמִ֔י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 5 case _ Gloss=by|Ref=1KI_20:14!3|MId=o110200140031|Strong=0871a 5 מִ֔י מִי PRON _ PronType=Int 2 ccomp _ Gloss=whom?|Ref=1KI_20:14!3|MId=o110200140032|Strong=4310|Type=interrogative 6-7 וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 7 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1KI_20:14!4|MId=o110200140041|Strong=2050b 7 יֹּ֙אמֶר֙ אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.said|Ref=1KI_20:14!4|MId=o110200140042|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:110200130021;|Type=wayyiqtol 8 כֹּֽה־ כֹּה ADV _ _ 9 advmod _ Gloss=thus|Ref=1KI_20:14!5|MId=o110200140051|Strong=3541|SpaceAfter=No 9 אָמַ֣ר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 7 ccomp _ Gloss=he.says|Ref=1KI_20:14!6|MId=o110200140061|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:110200140071;|Type=qatal 10 יְהוָ֔ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 9 nsubj _ Gloss=Yahweh|Ref=1KI_20:14!7|MId=o110200140071|Strong=3068 11-12 בְּנַעֲרֵ֖י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 12 case _ Gloss=by|Ref=1KI_20:14!8|MId=o110200140081|Strong=0871a 12 נַעֲרֵ֖י נַעַר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 9 ccomp _ Gloss=the.young.men|Ref=1KI_20:14!8|MId=o110200140082|Strong=5288 13 שָׂרֵ֣י שַׂר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 12 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.the.officials|Ref=1KI_20:14!9|MId=o110200140091|Strong=8269 14-15 הַמְּדִינ֑וֹת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 15 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=1KI_20:14!10|MId=o110200140101|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 15 מְּדִינ֑וֹת מְדִינָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 13 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.provinces|Ref=1KI_20:14!10|MId=o110200140102|Strong=4082 16-17 וַיֹּ֛אמֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 17 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1KI_20:14!11|MId=o110200140111|Strong=2050b 17 יֹּ֛אמֶר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.said|Ref=1KI_20:14!11|MId=o110200140112|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:110200140021;|Type=wayyiqtol 18 מִֽי־ מִי PRON _ PronType=Int 19 nsubj _ Gloss=who?|Ref=1KI_20:14!12|MId=o110200140121|Strong=4310|Type=interrogative|SpaceAfter=No 19 יֶאְסֹ֥ר אָסַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 17 ccomp _ Gloss=will.he.begin|Ref=1KI_20:14!13|MId=o110200140131|Strong=0631|Frame=A0:110200140121;A1:110200140142;|Type=yiqtol 20-21 הַמִּלְחָמָ֖ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 21 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=1KI_20:14!14|MId=o110200140141|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 21 מִּלְחָמָ֖ה מִלְחָמָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 19 obj _ Gloss=battle|Ref=1KI_20:14!14|MId=o110200140142|Strong=4421 22-23 וַיֹּ֥אמֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 23 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1KI_20:14!15|MId=o110200140151|Strong=2050b 23 יֹּ֥אמֶר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.said|Ref=1KI_20:14!15|MId=o110200140152|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:110200130021;|Type=wayyiqtol 24 אָֽתָּה אַתָּה PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 23 ccomp _ Gloss=you|Ref=1KI_20:14!16|MId=o110200140161|Strong=0859|Type=personal|SpaceAfter=No 25 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 24 punct _ Ref=1KI_20:14!16 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: wh-question - act: ask - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: no - the frame alone: decl · narrate · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יֹּאמֶר *he said* | wayyiqtol · qal | אַחְאָב *Ahab* | | | | | יֹּאמֶר *he said* | wayyiqtol · qal | | | | | | אָמַר *he says* | qatal · qal | יְהוָה *Yahweh* | | | | | יֹּאמֶר *he said* | wayyiqtol · qal | אַחְאָב *Ahab* | | | | | יֶאְסֹר *will he begin* | yiqtol · qal | מִֽי־ *who?* | מִּלְחָמָה *battle* | | | | יֹּאמֶר *he said* | wayyiqtol · qal | | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וַאֲמַר אַחְאָב בְּמַן וַאֲמַר כִּדְנַן אֲמַר יְיָ בְּעוּלֵמֵי רַבְרְבֵי מְדִינָתָא וַאֲמַר מַן יְטַקִיס קְרָבָא וַאֲמַר אָתְּ: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And Ahab said: 'By whom?' And he said: 'Thus saith the LORD: By the young men of the princes of the provinces.' Then he said: 'Who shall begin the battle?' And he answered: 'Thou.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1KI.739/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:1KI:704`. - ← previous: [1 Kings 20:13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI.20.13/) - next →: [1 Kings 20:15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI.20.15/) - ↑ back to [1 Kings 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI/20/)