--- title: 1 Kings 20:31 — And his servants said unto him: 'Behold now, we have heard that the… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And his servants said unto him: 'Behold now, we have heard that the kings of the house of Israel are merciful kings; let us, we pray thee, put sackcloth on our loins, and ropes upon our heads, and go out to the king of Israel; peradventure he will save thy life.' Who acts: servants, we, kings, us. 1 --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI.20.31/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [1 Kings](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI/) / [chapter 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI/20/) / 20:31 # 1 Kings 20:31 מְלָכִים א **Who acts:** servants, we, kings, us, hadad · **What happens:** say, hear, be, let, pray, put · **To what, where:** merciful kings, thee, sackcloth, loins, life · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is 1 Kings 20:31 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — servants, we, kings, us, hadad — and what happens in the verse to merciful kings, thee, sackcloth, loins, life, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 22 chapters of 1 Kings on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָיו֮ עֲבָדָיו֒ הִנֵּֽה־נָ֣א שָׁמַ֔עְנוּ כִּ֗י מַלְכֵי֙ בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל כִּֽי־מַלְכֵ֥י חֶ֖סֶד הֵ֑ם נָשִׂ֣ימָה נָּא֩ שַׂקִּ֨ים בְּמָתְנֵ֜ינוּ וַחֲבָלִ֣ים בְּרֹאשֵׁ֗נוּ וְנֵצֵא֙ אֶל־מֶ֣לֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אוּלַ֖י יְחַיֶּ֥ה אֶת־נַפְשֶֽׁךָ׃ [And his servants said unto him: 'Behold now, we have heard that the kings of the house of Israel are merciful kings; let us, we pray thee, put sackcloth on our loins, and ropes upon our heads, and go out to the king of Israel; peradventure he will save thy life.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1KI.759/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:1KI:721 # text = וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָיו֮ עֲבָדָיו֒ הִנֵּֽה־נָ֣א שָׁמַ֔עְנוּ כִּ֗י מַלְכֵי֙ בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל כִּֽי־מַלְכֵ֥י חֶ֖סֶד הֵ֑ם נָשִׂ֣ימָה נָּא֩ שַׂקִּ֨ים בְּמָתְנֵ֜ינוּ וַחֲבָלִ֣ים בְּרֹאשֵׁ֗נוּ וְנֵצֵא֙ אֶל־מֶ֣לֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אוּלַ֖י יְחַיֶּ֥ה אֶת־נַפְשֶֽׁךָ׃ # verse = 1KI.20.31 1-2 וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1KI_20:31!1|MId=o110200310011|Strong=2050b 2 יֹּאמְר֣וּ אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=they.said|Ref=1KI_20:31!1|MId=o110200310012|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:110200310031;|Type=wayyiqtol 3-4 אֵלָיו֮ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 אֵלָי אֶל ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=1KI_20:31!2|MId=o110200310021|Strong=0413 4 ו֮ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 2 obl _ Gloss=him|Ref=1KI_20:31!2|MId=o110200310022|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 5-6 עֲבָדָיו֒ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 עֲבָדָי עֶבֶד NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ Gloss=servants|Ref=1KI_20:31!3|MId=o110200310031|Strong=5650 6 ו֒ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 5 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=1KI_20:31!3|MId=o110200310032|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 7 הִנֵּֽה־ הִנֵּה INTJ _ _ 9 parataxis _ Gloss=here!|Ref=1KI_20:31!4|MId=o110200310041|Strong=2009|Type=demonstrative|SpaceAfter=No 8 נָ֣א נָא INTJ _ _ 7 discourse _ Gloss=please|Ref=1KI_20:31!5|MId=o110200310051|Strong=4994|Type=exhortation 9 שָׁמַ֔עְנוּ שָׁמַע VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=1 2 ccomp _ Gloss=we.have.heard|Ref=1KI_20:31!6|MId=o110200310061|Strong=8085|Frame=A0:110200310031;A1:110200310121;|Type=qatal 10 כִּ֗י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 11 mark _ Gloss=(dm).that|Ref=1KI_20:31!7|MId=o110200310071|Strong=3588 11 מַלְכֵי֙ מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 15 advcl _ Gloss=the.kings|Ref=1KI_20:31!8|MId=o110200310081|Strong=4428 12 בֵּ֣ית בַּיִת NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 11 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.the.house|Ref=1KI_20:31!9|MId=o110200310091|Strong=1004 13 יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 12 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Israel|Ref=1KI_20:31!10|MId=o110200310101|Strong=3478 14 כִּֽי־ כִּי SCONJ _ _ 15 mark _ Gloss=(dm).that|Ref=1KI_20:31!11|MId=o110200310111|Strong=3588|SpaceAfter=No 15 מַלְכֵ֥י מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 9 ccomp _ Gloss=[are].kings|Ref=1KI_20:31!12|MId=o110200310121|Strong=4428 16 חֶ֖סֶד חֶסֶד NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 15 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.covenant.loyalty|Ref=1KI_20:31!13|MId=o110200310131|Strong=2617 17 הֵ֑ם הֵם PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 15 nsubj _ Gloss=they|Ref=1KI_20:31!14|MId=o110200310141|Strong=1992|Type=personal 18 נָשִׂ֣ימָה שׂים VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=1 9 parataxis _ Gloss=let.us.put|Ref=1KI_20:31!15|MId=o110200310151|Strong=7760|Frame=A0:110200310031;A1:110200310171;|Type=cohortative 19 נָּא֩ נָא INTJ _ _ 18 discourse _ Gloss=please|Ref=1KI_20:31!16|MId=o110200310161|Strong=4994|Type=interjection 20 שַׂקִּ֨ים שַׂק NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 18 obj _ Gloss=sackcloth(s)|Ref=1KI_20:31!17|MId=o110200310171|Strong=8242 21-23 בְּמָתְנֵ֜ינוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 22 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=1KI_20:31!18|MId=o110200310181|Strong=0871a 22 מָתְנֵ֜י מׇתְנַיִם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Dual 18 obl _ Gloss=loins|Ref=1KI_20:31!18|MId=o110200310182|Strong=4975 23 נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 22 nmod:poss _ Gloss=our|Ref=1KI_20:31!18|MId=o110200310183|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 24-25 וַחֲבָלִ֣ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 25 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1KI_20:31!19|MId=o110200310191|Strong=2050b 25 חֲבָלִ֣ים חֶבֶל NOUN _ Number=Plur 18 conj _ Gloss=ropes|Ref=1KI_20:31!19|MId=o110200310192|Strong=2256 26-28 בְּרֹאשֵׁ֗נוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 27 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=1KI_20:31!20|MId=o110200310201|Strong=0871a 27 רֹאשׁ רֹאשׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 25 obl _ Gloss=head|Ref=1KI_20:31!20|MId=o110200310202|Strong=7218 28 ֵ֗נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 27 nmod:poss _ Gloss=our|Ref=1KI_20:31!20|MId=o110200310203|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 29-30 וְנֵצֵא֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 30 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1KI_20:31!21|MId=o110200310211|Strong=2050b 30 נֵצֵא֙ יָצָא VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=1 18 conj _ Gloss=let.us.go.out|Ref=1KI_20:31!21|MId=o110200310212|Strong=3318|Frame=A0:110200310031;|Type=cohortative 31 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 32 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=1KI_20:31!22|MId=o110200310221|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 32 מֶ֣לֶךְ מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 30 obl _ Gloss=the.king|Ref=1KI_20:31!23|MId=o110200310231|Strong=4428 33 יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 32 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Israel|Ref=1KI_20:31!24|MId=o110200310241|Strong=3478 34 אוּלַ֖י אוּלַי ADV _ _ 35 advmod _ Gloss=perhaps|Ref=1KI_20:31!25|MId=o110200310251|Strong=0194 35 יְחַיֶּ֥ה חָיָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing|Person=3 18 parataxis _ Gloss=he.will.let.live|Ref=1KI_20:31!26|MId=o110200310261|Strong=2421|Frame=A0:110200310231;A1:110200310281;|Type=yiqtol 36 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 37 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=1KI_20:31!27|MId=o110200310271|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 37-38 נַפְשֶֽׁךָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 37 נַפְשׁ נֶפֶשׁ NOUN _ Number=Sing 35 obj _ Gloss=life|Ref=1KI_20:31!28|MId=o110200310281|Strong=5315 38 ֶֽךָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 37 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=1KI_20:31!28|MId=o110200310282|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 39 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 38 punct _ Ref=1KI_20:31!28 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: no - the frame alone: decl · narrate · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יֹּאמְרוּ *they said* | wayyiqtol · qal | עֲבָדָי *servants* | | | | | שָׁמַעְנוּ *we have heard* | qatal · qal | עֲבָדָי *servants* | מַלְכֵי *\[are\] kings* | | | | נָשִׂימָה *let us put* | cohortative · qal | עֲבָדָי *servants* | שַׂקִּים *sackcloth(s)* | | | | נֵצֵא *let us go out* | cohortative · qal | עֲבָדָי *servants* | | | | | יְחַיֶּה *he will let live* | yiqtol · piel | מֶלֶךְ *the king* | נַפְשׁ *life* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וַאֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ עַבְדוֹהִי הָא כְעַן שְׁמַעְנָא אֲרֵי מַלְכֵי בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲרֵי מַלְכֵי גָמְלֵי חִסְדָא אִינוּן נֵיסַר כְּעַן סַקִין בְּחַרְצָנָא וְאַטוּנִין בְּרֵישָׁנָא וְנִפּוֹק לְוַת מַלְכָּא דְיִשְׂרָאֵל מָאִים יְקַיַם יַת נַפְשָׁךְ: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And his servants said unto him: 'Behold now, we have heard that the kings of the house of Israel are merciful kings; let us, we pray thee, put sackcloth on our loins, and ropes upon our heads, and go out to the king of Israel; peradventure he will save thy life.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1KI.759/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:1KI:721`. - ← previous: [1 Kings 20:30](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI.20.30/) - next →: [1 Kings 20:32](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI.20.32/) - ↑ back to [1 Kings 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI/20/)