--- title: 1 Kings 22:31 — Now the king of Aram had commanded the thirty and two captains of hi… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: Now the king of Aram had commanded the thirty and two captains of his chariots, saying: 'Fight neither with small nor great, save only with the king of Israel.' Who acts: king. 1 Kings 22:31 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI.22.31/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [1 Kings](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI/) / [chapter 22](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI/22/) / 22:31 # 1 Kings 22:31 מְלָכִים א **Who acts:** king · **What happens:** command, say, fight, save · **To what, where:** thirty captains · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is 1 Kings 22:31 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — king — and what happens in the verse to thirty captains, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 22 chapters of 1 Kings on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וּמֶ֣לֶךְ אֲרָ֡ם צִוָּ֣ה אֶת־שָׂרֵי֩ הָרֶ֨כֶב אֲשֶׁר־ל֜וֹ שְׁלֹשִׁ֤ים וּשְׁנַ֙יִם֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר לֹ֚א תִּלָּ֣חֲמ֔וּ אֶת־קָטֹ֖ן וְאֶת־גָּד֑וֹל כִּ֛י אִֽם־אֶת־מֶ֥לֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לְבַדּֽוֹ׃ [Now the king of Aram had commanded the thirty and two captains of his chariots, saying: 'Fight neither with small nor great, save only with the king of Israel.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1KI.836/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:1KI:793 # text = וּמֶ֣לֶךְ אֲרָ֡ם צִוָּ֣ה אֶת־שָׂרֵי֩ הָרֶ֨כֶב אֲשֶׁר־ל֜וֹ שְׁלֹשִׁ֤ים וּשְׁנַ֙יִם֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר לֹ֚א תִּלָּ֣חֲמ֔וּ אֶת־קָטֹ֖ן וְאֶת־גָּד֑וֹל כִּ֛י אִֽם־אֶת־מֶ֥לֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לְבַדּֽוֹ׃ # verse = 1KI.22.31 1-2 וּמֶ֣לֶךְ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 4 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1KI_22:31!1|MId=o110220310011|Strong=2050b 2 מֶ֣לֶךְ מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ Gloss=the.king|Ref=1KI_22:31!1|MId=o110220310012|Strong=4428 3 אֲרָ֡ם אֲרָם PROPN _ _ 2 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Aram|Ref=1KI_22:31!2|MId=o110220310021|Strong=0758 4 צִוָּ֣ה צָוָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.had.commanded|Ref=1KI_22:31!3|MId=o110220310031|Strong=6680|Frame=A0:110220310012;A1:110220310051;|Type=qatal 5 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 6 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=1KI_22:31!4|MId=o110220310041|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 6 שָׂרֵי֩ שַׂר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 4 obj _ Gloss=the.commanders|Ref=1KI_22:31!5|MId=o110220310051|Strong=8269 7-8 הָרֶ֨כֶב _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 8 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=1KI_22:31!6|MId=o110220310061|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 8 רֶ֨כֶב רֶכֶב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.chariotry|Ref=1KI_22:31!6|MId=o110220310062|Strong=7393 9 אֲשֶׁר־ אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 11 mark _ Gloss=which|Ref=1KI_22:31!7|MId=o110220310071|Strong=0834|Type=relative|SpaceAfter=No 10-11 ל֜וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 ל לְ ADP _ _ 11 case _ Gloss=[belonged].to|Ref=1KI_22:31!8|MId=o110220310081|Strong=3807a 11 ֜וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 6 acl:relcl _ Gloss=him|Ref=1KI_22:31!8|MId=o110220310082|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 12 שְׁלֹשִׁ֤ים שָׁלֹשׁ NUM _ Number=Plur 6 nummod _ Gloss=thirty|Ref=1KI_22:31!9|MId=o110220310091|Strong=7970|Type=cardinal_number 13-14 וּשְׁנַ֙יִם֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 14 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1KI_22:31!10|MId=o110220310101|Strong=2050b 14 שְׁנַ֙יִם֙ שְׁנַיִם NUM _ Gender=Masc|Number=Dual 12 conj _ Gloss=two|Ref=1KI_22:31!10|MId=o110220310102|Strong=8147|Type=cardinal_number 15-16 לֵאמֹ֔ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 לֵ לְ ADP _ ExtPos=SCONJ 18 mark _ Gloss=(cmp)|Ref=1KI_22:31!11|MId=o110220310111|Strong=3807a 16 אמֹ֔ר אָמַר VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 15 fixed _ Gloss=|Ref=1KI_22:31!11|MId=o110220310112|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:110220310012;|Type=infinitive_construct 17 לֹ֚א לֹא ADV _ _ 18 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=1KI_22:31!12|MId=o110220310121|Strong=3808|Type=negative 18 תִּלָּ֣חֲמ֔וּ לָחַם VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Plur|Person=2 4 ccomp _ Gloss=you.must.do.battle|Ref=1KI_22:31!13|MId=o110220310131|Strong=3898|Frame=A0:110220310051;|Type=yiqtol 19 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 20 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=1KI_22:31!14|MId=o110220310141|Strong=0854|SpaceAfter=No 20 קָטֹ֖ן קָטֹן ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 18 obl _ Gloss=[the].small|Ref=1KI_22:31!15|MId=o110220310151|Strong=6996a|Type=adjective 21-22 וְאֶת־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 23 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1KI_22:31!16|MId=o110220310161|Strong=2050b 22 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 23 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=1KI_22:31!16|MId=o110220310162|Strong=0854 23 גָּד֑וֹל גָּדוֹל ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 20 conj _ Gloss=[the].great|Ref=1KI_22:31!17|MId=o110220310171|Strong=1419|Type=adjective 24 כִּ֛י כִּי SCONJ _ ExtPos=SCONJ 27 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=1KI_22:31!18|MId=o110220310181|Strong=3588 25 אִֽם־ אִם SCONJ _ _ 24 fixed _ Gloss=(if)|Ref=1KI_22:31!19|MId=o110220310191|Strong=0518|SpaceAfter=No 26 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 27 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=1KI_22:31!20|MId=o110220310201|Strong=0854|SpaceAfter=No 27 מֶ֥לֶךְ מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 18 parataxis _ Gloss=the.king|Ref=1KI_22:31!21|MId=o110220310211|Strong=4428 28 יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 27 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Israel|Ref=1KI_22:31!22|MId=o110220310221|Strong=3478 29-31 לְבַדּֽוֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 30 case _ Gloss=him|Ref=1KI_22:31!23|MId=o110220310231|Strong=3807a 30 בַדּ בַּד NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 27 nmod _ Gloss=|Ref=1KI_22:31!23|MId=o110220310232|Strong=0905 31 ֽוֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 30 nmod:poss _ Gloss=alone|Ref=1KI_22:31!23|MId=o110220310233|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 32 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 31 punct _ Ref=1KI_22:31!23 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: request - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: yes - indirect: yes - the frame alone: decl · assert · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | צִוָּה *he had commanded* | qatal · piel | מֶלֶךְ *the king* | שָׂרֵי *the commanders* | | | | אמֹר | infinitive construct · qal | מֶלֶךְ *the king* | | | | | **not** תִּלָּחֲמוּ *you must do battle* | yiqtol · niphal | שָׂרֵי *the commanders* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וּמַלְכָּא דַאֲרָם פַּקֵיד יַת רַבָּנֵי רְתִיכָא דִילֵיהּ תְּלָתִין וּתְרֵין מַלְכְּוָן לְמֵימַר לָא תַגִיחוּן קְרָבָא עִם זְעֵירָא וְעִם רַבָּא אֱלָהֵין עִם מַלְכָּא דְיִשְׂרָאֵל בִּלְחוֹדוֹהִי: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Now the king of Aram had commanded the thirty and two captains of his chariots, saying: 'Fight neither with small nor great, save only with the king of Israel.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1KI.836/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:1KI:793`. - ← previous: [1 Kings 22:30](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI.22.30/) - next →: [1 Kings 22:32](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI.22.32/) - ↑ back to [1 Kings 22](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI/22/)